Composition and Methods for Treatment of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides, among other things, methods and compositions for treating primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) based on mRNA therapy. The compositions used in treatment of PCD comprise an mRNA comprising a dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) coding sequence and are administered at an effective dose and an administration interval such that at least one symptom or feature of PCD is reduced in intensity, severity, or frequency or has a delayed onset. mRNAs with optimized DNAH5 coding sequences are provided that can be administered without the need for modifying the nucleotides of the mRNA to achieve sustained in vivo function.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of, and priority to, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/789,414 filed on Jan. 7, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The contents of the text file named “MRT-2060WO_ST25.txt” which was created on Jan. 6, 2020 and is 504 KB in size, are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an auto recessive disorder characterized by abnormal cilia and flagella that are found in the linings of the airway, the reproductive system, and other organs and tissues. PCD occurs in approximately 1 in 16,000. Symptoms are present as early as at birth, with breathing problems, and the affected individuals develop frequent respiratory tract infections beginning in early childhood. People with PCD also have year-round nasal congestion and chronic cough. Chronic respiratory tract infections can result in condition called bronchiectasis, which damages the passages, called bronchi, and can cause life-threatening breathing problems. Some individuals with PCD also have infertility, recurrent ear infections, abnormally placed organs within their chest and abdomen.

Mutations in the DNAH1 or DNAH5 genes account for about a third of all cases of primary ciliary dyskinesia. The DNAH5 gene encodes dynein axonemal heavy chain 5, which forms the inner structure of cilia. With an absent or abnormal dynein axonemal heavy chain 5, defective cilia cannot produce the force and movement needed to eliminate fluid, bacteria, and particles from the lungs. The movement of cilia also helps establish the left-right axis during embryonic development and propel the sperm cells forward to the female egg cell.

There is currently no cure for PCD. Current standard of care includes aggressive measures to enhance clearance of mucus and with antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections of the airways. Routine immunizations are administered to prevent respiratory infections and other secondary complications. For some patients, lobectomy, lung transplantation, and sinus surgery are considered. Gene therapy has been studied to address the urgent need for new, more effective treatments of PCD. However, due to the large size of DNAH5 conventional gene therapy methods remain challenging.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, among other things, methods and compositions for use in the treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The present invention is based, in part, on the surprising discovery that DNAH5 mRNA, which is approximately 14 kb in length, can be successfully encapsulated in a liposome and effectively delivered to target tissues in vivo.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a method of delivery of a 10 kb or greater mRNA encoding for a protein or peptide in vivo comprising administering to a subject in need of delivery a 10 kb or greater mRNA encoding a protein or peptide. In some embodiments, the 10 kb or greater mRNA is encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the 10 kb or greater mRNA is 11 kb or greater in length. In some embodiments, the 10 kb or greater mRNA is 12 kb or greater in length. In some embodiments, the 10 kb or greater mRNA is 13 kb or greater in length. In some embodiments, the 10 kb or greater mRNA is 14 kb or greater in length.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a method of delivery of human axonemal dynein heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) in vivo comprising administering to a subject in need of delivery an mRNA encoding a human DNAH5 protein. In some embodiments, the DNAH5 mRNA is encapsulated in a liposome.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a method of treating primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment an mRNA encoding human axonemal dynein heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) at an effective dose and an administration interval such that at least one symptom or feature of PCD is reduced in intensity, severity, or frequency or has delayed in onset.

In some embodiments, the DNAH5 mRNA is encapsulated in a liposome.

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids.

In some embodiments, the one or more cationic lipids are selected from the group consisting of cKK-E12, OF-02, C12-200, MC3, DLinDMA, DLinkC2DMA, ICE (Imidazol-based), HGT5000, HGT5001, HGT4003, DODAC, DDAB, DMRIE, DOSPA, DOGS, DODAP, DODMA and DMDMA, DODAC, DLenDMA, DMRIE, CLinDMA, CpLinDMA, DMOBA, DOcarbDAP, DLinDAP, DLincarbDAP, DLinCDAP, DLinSSDMA, KLin-K-DMA, DLin-K-XTC2-DMA, 3-(4-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)butyl)-6-(4-((2-hydroxydodecyl)(2-hydroxyundecyl)amino)butyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (Target 23), 3-(5-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)pentan-2-yl)-6-(5-((2-hydroxydodecyl)(2-hydroxyundecyl)amino)pentan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (Target 24), ccBene, ML7 and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the cationic lipid is ICE.

In some embodiments, the one or more non-cationic lipids are selected from DSPC (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DOPE (1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DOPC (1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphotidylcholine) DPPE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DMPE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DOPG (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol)) or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the non-cationic lipid is DOPE.

In some embodiments, the one or more PEG-modified lipids comprise a poly(ethylene) glycol chain of up to 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C6-C20 length.

In some embodiments, the cationic lipid constitutes about 30-60% of the liposome by molar ratio.

In some embodiments, the cationic lipid constitutes about 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% of the liposome by molar ratio.

In some embodiments, the liposome comprises ICE, DOPE and DMG-PEG2K.

In some embodiments, the liposome has a size of about 80 nm to 200 nm, optionally wherein the liposome has a size of about 100 nm or less than 100 nm.

In some embodiments, the DNAH5 mRNA is codon optimized.

In some embodiments, the DNAH5 mRNA comprises one or more modified nucleotides.

In some embodiments, the one or more modified nucleotides are selected from pseudouridine, N-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and/or 2-thiocytidine.

In some embodiments, the mRNA is unmodified.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) that has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 31.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 20.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 22.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 24.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 26.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31.

In some embodiments, administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by intratracheal, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous delivery.

In some embodiments, administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by intratracheal delivery.

In some embodiments, administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by intranasal delivery.

In some embodiments, administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by aerosol delivery.

In some embodiments, administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by nebulized delivery.

In some embodiments, administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by dry powder inhalation.

In some embodiments, the composition is administered once a week.

In some embodiments, the composition is administered once every two weeks.

In some embodiments, the composition is administered twice a month.

In some embodiments, the composition is administered once a month.

In some embodiments, the administering the mRNA results in DNAH5 protein expression detectable in one or more internal organs selected from lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, stomach, intestines, ovary and testis.

In some embodiments, the administering the mRNA results in DNAH5 protein expression detectable in the lung.

In some embodiments, the administering the mRNA results in DNAH5 protein expression detectable in the lung epithelium.

In some aspects, the invention provides a composition for use in the treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), the composition comprising an mRNA encoding human axonemal dynein heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) encapsulated in a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a DNAH5 coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO: 31.

In some embodiments, mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, the mRNA has a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3, and a 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) that has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or SEQ ID NO: 5.

In some embodiments, wherein the mRNA has one or more modified nucleotides.

In some embodiments, the modified one or more nucleotides is selected from pseudouridine, N-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and/or 2-thiocytidine.

In some embodiments, the mRNA is unmodified.

In some embodiments, the liposome is 100 nm in diameter or less.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition described above and a suitable excipient.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a method of delivery of a mRNA encoding for a protein or peptide in vivo comprising administering to a subject in need of delivery a mRNA encoding a protein or peptide and having a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 and that is not SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 that is not SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence at least 75% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 that is not SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 that is not SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 that is not SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 that is not SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 that is not SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that is at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 that is not SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. Other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention are apparent in the detailed description, drawings and claims that follow. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description, the drawings, and the claims, while indicating embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration only, not limitation. Various changes and modifications within the scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The drawings are for illustration purposes only, not for limitation.

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram that shows the dissection and usage of various parts of mouse trachea and lungs for quantitative PCR analysis (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, 24 hours after mRNA administration. FIG. 1B (left) and (right), are graphs that show qPCR data for hDNA5 mRNA in the different regions of the respiratory system as indicated in the figure. FIG. 1B (left) shows data from Group 1 mice who were administered MRT-1 hDNA5 mRNA; FIG. 1B (right) shows data from Group 2 mice who were administered MRT-1 hDNA5-GFP mRNA.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show series of photomicrographs depicting results from IHC analysis for hDNA protein expression in the respiratory airways. FIG. 2A depicts representative IHC data for hDNA-5 protein staining in MRT-1 hDNA5 mRNA treated mice compared to saline-treated control (Group 1, left); and IHC data for GFP protein staining in MRT-1 hDNA5-GFP mRNA treated mice compared to saline-treated control (Group 2, right). FIG. 2B shows detailed localization of the respective hDNA5 mRNA derived protein in epithelial tissue of the airways in Group 1 (upper panel) and Group 2 (lower panel) mice.

DEFINITIONS

In order for the present invention to be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined below. Additional definitions for the following terms and other terms are set forth throughout the specification. The publications and other reference materials referenced herein to describe the background of the invention and to provide additional detail regarding its practice are hereby incorporated by reference.

Alkyl: As used herein, “alkyl” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms (“C1-15 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms (“C1-3 alkyl”). Examples of C1-3 alkyl groups include methyl (C1), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), and isopropyl (C3). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 8 to 12 carbon atoms (“C8-12 alkyl”). Examples of C8-12 alkyl groups include, without limitation, n-octyl (C8), n-nonyl (C9), n-decyl (C10), n-undecyl (C11), n-dodecyl (C12) and the like. The prefix “n-” (normal) refers to unbranched alkyl groups. For example, n-C8 alkyl refers to (CH2)7CH3, n-C10 alkyl refers to (CH2)9CH3, etc.

Amino acid: As used herein, term “amino acid,” in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain. In some embodiments, an amino acid has the general structure H2N—C(H)(R)—COOH. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a synthetic amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is a d-amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is an 1-amino acid. “Standard amino acid” refers to any of the twenty standard 1-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring peptides. “Nonstandard amino acid” refers to any amino acid, other than the standard amino acids, regardless of whether it is prepared synthetically or obtained from a natural source. As used herein, “synthetic amino acid” encompasses chemically modified amino acids, including but not limited to salts, amino acid derivatives (such as amides), and/or substitutions. Amino acids, including carboxy- and/or amino-terminal amino acids in peptides, can be modified by methylation, amidation, acetylation, protecting groups, and/or substitution with other chemical groups that can change the peptide's circulating half-life without adversely affecting their activity. Amino acids may participate in a disulfide bond. Amino acids may comprise one or posttranslational modifications, such as association with one or more chemical entities (e.g., methyl groups, acetate groups, acetyl groups, phosphate groups, formyl moieties, isoprenoid groups, sulfate groups, polyethylene glycol moieties, lipid moieties, carbohydrate moieties, biotin moieties, etc.). The term “amino acid” is used interchangeably with “amino acid residue,” and may refer to a free amino acid and/or to an amino acid residue of a peptide. It will be apparent from the context in which the term is used whether it refers to a free amino acid or a residue of a peptide.

Animal: As used herein, the term “animal” refers to any member of the animal kingdom. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to humans, at any stage of development. In some embodiments, “animal” refers to non-human animals, at any stage of development. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog, a cat, a sheep, cattle, a primate, and/or a pig). In some embodiments, animals include, but are not limited to, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and/or worms. In some embodiments, an animal may be a transgenic animal, genetically-engineered animal, and/or a clone.

Approximately or about: As used herein, the term “approximately” or “about,” as applied to one or more values of interest, refers to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value). Typically, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that within 10%, or more typically 1%, of the stated reference value.

Biologically active: As used herein, the phrase “biologically active” refers to a characteristic of any agent that has activity in a biological system, and particularly in an organism. For instance, an agent that, when administered to an organism, has a biological effect on that organism, is considered to be biologically active.

Codon-optimized: As used herein, the term describes a nucleic acid in which one or more of the nucleotides present in a naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence (also referred to as ‘wild-type’ sequence) has been substituted with an alternative nucleotide to optimize protein expression without changing the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by the naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence. For example, the codon AAA may be altered to become AAG without changing the identity of the encoded amino acid (lysine). In some embodiments, the nucleic acids of the invention are codon optimized to increase protein expression of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid. For the purpose of this application, nucleobase thymidine (T) and uracil (U) are used interchangeably in narration of mRNA sequences.

Delivery: As used herein, the term “delivery” encompasses both local and systemic delivery. For example, delivery of mRNA encompasses situations in which an mRNA is delivered to a target tissue and the encoded protein is expressed and retained within the target tissue (also referred to as “local distribution” or “local delivery”), and situations in which an mRNA is delivered to a target tissue and the encoded protein is expressed and secreted into patient's circulation system (e.g., serum) and systematically distributed and taken up by other tissues (also referred to as “systemic distribution” or “systemic delivery).

Dosing interval: As used herein dosing interval in the context of a method for treating a disease is the frequency of administering a therapeutic composition in a subject (mammal) in need thereof, for example an mRNA composition, at an effective dose of the mRNA, such that one or more symptoms associated with the disease is reduced; or one or more biomarkers associated with the disease is reduced, at least for the period of the dosing interval. Dosing frequency and dosing interval may be used interchangeably in the current disclosure.

Expression: As used herein, “expression” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to translation of an mRNA into a polypeptide, assemble multiple polypeptides into an intact protein (e.g., enzyme) and/or post-translational modification of a polypeptide or fully assembled protein (e.g., enzyme). In this application, the terms “expression” and “production,” and grammatical equivalent, are used inter-changeably.

Effective dose: As used herein, an effective dose is a dose of the mRNA in the pharmaceutical composition which when administered to the subject in need thereof, hereby a mammalian subject, according to the methods of the invention, is effective to bring about an expected outcome in the subject, for example reduce a symptom associated with the disease.

Functional: As used herein, a “functional” biological molecule is a biological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and/or activity by which it is characterized.

Half-life: As used herein, the term “half-life” is the time required for a quantity such as nucleic acid or protein concentration or activity to fall to half of its value as measured at the beginning of a time period.

Improve, increase, or reduce: As used herein, the terms “improve,” “increase” or “reduce,” or grammatical equivalents, indicate values that are relative to a baseline measurement, such as a measurement in the same individual prior to initiation of the treatment described herein, or a measurement in a control subject (or multiple control subject) in the absence of the treatment described herein. A “control subject” is a subject afflicted with the same form of disease as the subject being treated, who is about the same age as the subject being treated.

In Vitro: As used herein, the term “in vitro” refers to events that occur in an artificial environment, e.g., in a test tube or reaction vessel, in cell culture, etc., rather than within a multi-cellular organism.

In Vivo: As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to events that occur within a multi-cellular organism, such as a human and a non-human animal. In the context of cell-based systems, the term may be used to refer to events that occur within a living cell (as opposed to, for example, in vitro systems).

Isolated: As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a substance and/or entity that has been (1) separated from at least some of the components with which it was associated when initially produced (whether in nature and/or in an experimental setting), and/or (2) produced, prepared, and/or manufactured by the hand of man. Isolated substances and/or entities may be separated from about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% of the other components with which they were initially associated. In some embodiments, isolated agents are about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or more than about 99% pure. As used herein, a substance is “pure” if it is substantially free of other components. As used herein, calculation of percent purity of isolated substances and/or entities should not include excipients (e.g., buffer, solvent, water, etc.).

Local distribution or delivery: As used herein, the terms “local distribution,” “local delivery,” or grammatical equivalent, refer to tissue specific delivery or distribution. Typically, local distribution or delivery requires a protein (e.g., enzyme) encoded by mRNAs be translated and expressed intracellularly or with limited secretion that avoids entering the patient's circulation system.

messenger RNA (mRNA): As used herein, the term “messenger RNA (mRNA)” refers to a polyribonucleotide that encodes at least one polypeptide. mRNA may contain one or more coding and non-coding regions. mRNA can be purified from natural sources, produced using recombinant expression systems and optionally purified, in vitro transcribed, chemically synthesized, etc. An mRNA sequence is presented in the 5′ to 3′ direction unless otherwise indicated. Typically, the mRNA of the present invention is synthesized from adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and uridine nucleotides that bear no modifications. Such mRNA is referred to herein as mRNA with unmodified nucleotides or ‘unmodified mRNA’ for short. Typically, this means that the mRNA of the present invention does not comprise any of the following nucleoside analogs: 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and 2-thiocytidine. An mRNA suitable for practising the claimed invention commonly does not comprise nucleosides comprising chemically modified bases; biologically modified bases (e.g., methylated bases); intercalated bases; modified sugars (e.g., 2′-fluororibose, ribose, 2′-deoxyribose, arabinose, and hexose); and/or modified phosphate groups (e.g., phosphorothioates and 5′-N-phosphoramidite linkages).

Nucleic acid: As used herein, the term “nucleic acid,” in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporated into a polynucleotide chain. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is a compound and/or substance that is or can be incorporated into a polynucleotide chain via a phosphodiester linkage. In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to individual nucleic acid residues (e.g., nucleotides and/or nucleosides). In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to a polynucleotide chain comprising individual nucleic acid residues. In some embodiments, “nucleic acid” encompasses RNA as well as single and/or double-stranded DNA and/or cDNA.

Patient: As used herein, the term “patient” or “subject” refers to any organism to which a provided composition may be administered, e.g., for experimental, diagnostic, prophylactic, cosmetic, and/or therapeutic purposes. Typical patients include animals (e.g., mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, non-human primates, and/or humans). In some embodiments, a patient is a human. A human includes pre- and post-natal forms.

Pharmaceutically acceptable: The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein, refers to substances that, within the scope of sound medical judgment, are suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salt: Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N+(C1-4 alkyl)4 salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium. quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts formed from the quarternization of an amine using an appropriate electrophile, e.g., an alkyl halide, to form a quarternized alkylated amino salt.

Systemic distribution or delivery: As used herein, the terms “systemic distribution,” “systemic delivery,” or grammatical equivalent, refer to a delivery or distribution mechanism or approach that affect the entire body or an entire organism. Typically, systemic distribution or delivery is accomplished via body's circulation system, e.g., blood stream. Compared to the definition of “local distribution or delivery.”

Subject: As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a human or any non-human animal (e.g., mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, cattle, swine, sheep, horse or primate). A human includes pre- and post-natal forms. In many embodiments, a subject is a human being. A subject can be a patient, which refers to a human presenting to a medical provider for diagnosis or treatment of a disease. The term “subject” is used herein interchangeably with “individual” or “patient.” A subject can be afflicted with or is susceptible to a disease or disorder but may or may not display symptoms of the disease or disorder.

Substantially: As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the biological arts will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and/or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture the potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.

Target tissues: As used herein, the term “target tissues” refers to any tissue that is affected by a disease to be treated. In some embodiments, target tissues include those tissues that display disease-associated pathology, symptom, or feature.

Therapeutically effective amount: As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” of a therapeutic agent means an amount that is sufficient, when administered to a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disease, disorder, and/or condition, to treat, diagnose, prevent, and/or delay the onset of the symptom(s) of the disease, disorder, and/or condition. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a therapeutically effective amount is typically administered via a dosing regimen comprising at least one unit dose.

Treating: As used herein, the term “treat,” “treatment,” or “treating” refers to any method used to partially or completely alleviate, ameliorate, relieve, inhibit, prevent, delay onset of, reduce severity of and/or reduce incidence of one or more symptoms or features of a particular disease, disorder, and/or condition. Treatment may be administered to a subject who does not exhibit signs of a disease and/or exhibits only early signs of the disease for the purpose of decreasing the risk of developing pathology associated with the disease.

Various aspects of the invention are described in detail in the following sections. The use of sections is not meant to limit the invention. Each section can apply to any aspect of the invention. In this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal cilia and flagella that are found in the linings of the airway, the reproductive system, and other organs and tissues. Mutations in the DNAH5 gene, which encodes the dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 protein that forms the inner structure of cilia, cause PCD. Over 80 different mutations in the DNAH5 gene have been identified in patients with PCD.

Mutations in the DNAH5 gene result in an absent or abnormal dynein axonemal heavy chain 5, which is required for the proper functioning of cilia. Without a normal version of dynein axonemal heavy chain 5, defective cilia cannot produce the force and movement needed to eliminate fluid, bacteria, and particles from the lungs, to establish the left-right axis during embryonic development, and to propel the sperm cells. PCD can lead to chronic respiratory tract infections, bronchiectasis, year-round nasal congestion, abnormally placed organs within their chest and abdomen, and infertility.

Polyribonucleotides of the disclosure can be used, for example, to treat a subject having or at risk of having primary ciliary dyskinesia or any other condition associated with a defect or malfunction of a gene whose function is linked to cilia maintenance and function. Non limiting examples of genes that have been associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia include: armadillo repeat containing 4 (ARMC4), chromosome 21 open reading frame 59 (C21orf59), coiled-coil domain containing 103 (CCDC103), coiled-coil domain containing 114 (CCDC114), coiled-coil domain containing 39 (CCDC39), coiled-coil domain containing 40 (CCDC40), coiled-coil domain containing 65 (CCDC65), cyclin O (CCNO), dynein (axonemal) assembly factor 1 (DNAAF1), dynein (axonemal) assembly factor 2 (DNAAF2), dynein (axonemal) assembly factor 3 (DNAAF3), dynein (axonemal) assembly factor 5 (DNAAF5), dynein axonemal heavy chain 11 (DNAH11), dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 (DNAH5), dynein axonemal heavy chain 6 (DNAH6), dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 (DNAH8), dynein axonemal intermediate chain 2 (DNAI2), dynein axonemal light chain 1 (DNAL1), dynein regulatory complex subunit 1 (DRC1), dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate 1 (DYX1C1), growth arrest specific 8 (GAS8), axonemal central pair apparatus protein (HYDIN), leucine rich repeat containing 6 (LRRC6), ME/M23 family member 8 (NME8), oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (OFD1), retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR), radial spoke head 1 homolog (Chlamydomonas) (RSPH1), radial spoke head 4 homolog A (Chlamydomonas) (RSPH4A), radial spoke head 9 homolog (Chlamydomonas) (RSPH9), sperm associated antigen 1 (SPAG1), and zinc finger MY D-type containing 10 (ZMYND10).

Dynein Axonemal Heavy Chain 5 (DNAH5) Gene and Protein Sequence

In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods and compositions for delivering mRNA encoding to a subject for the treatment of PCD. A suitable DNAH5 mRNA encodes any full length, fragment or portion of a DNAH5 protein which can be substituted for naturally-occurring DNAH5 protein activity and/or reduce the intensity, severity, and/or frequency of one or more symptoms associated with PCD.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA sequence is an mRNA sequence encoding a human DNAH5 protein. The naturally-occurring human DNAH5 mRNA coding sequence and the corresponding amino acid sequence are shown in Table 1:

The naturally-occurring human DNAH5 mRNA coding sequence and the corresponding amino acid sequence are shown in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Human DNAH5 Amino Acid Sequence Human (SEQ ID NO: 1) DNAH5 MFRIGRRQLWKHSVTRVLTQRLKGEKEAKRALLDARHNYLFAIVASCLDL Protein NKTEVEDAILEGNQIERIDQLFAVGGLRHLMFYYQDVEEAETGQLGSLGGV Sequence NLVSGKIKKPKVFVTEGNDVALTGVCVFFIRTDPSKAITPDNIHQEVSFNML DAADGGLLNSVRRLLSDIFIPALRATSHGWGELEGLQDAANIRQEFLSSLEG FVNVLSGAQESLKEKVNLRKCDILELKTLKEPTDYLTLANNPETLGKIEDCM KVWIKQTEQVLAENNQLLKEADDVGPRAELEHWKKRLSKFNYLLEQLKSP DVKAVLAVLAAAKSKLLKTWREMDIRITDATNEAKDNVKYLYTLEKCCDP LYSSDPLSMMDAIPTLINAIKMIYSISHYYNTSEKITSLFVKVTNQIISACKAYI TNNGTASIWNQPQDVVEEKILSAIKLKQEYQLCFUKTKQKLKQNPNAKQFD FSEMYIFGKFETFHRRLAKIIDIFTTLKTYSVLQDSTIEGLEDMATKYQGIVAT IKKKEYNFLDQRKMDFDQDYEEFCKQTNDLHNELRKFMDVTFAKIQNTNQ ALRMLKKFERLNIPNLGIDDKYQLILENYGADIDMISKLYTKQKYDPPLARN QPPIAGKILWARQLFHRIQQPMQLFQQHPAVLSTAEAKPIIRSYNRMAKVLL EFEVLFHRAWLRQIEEIHVGLEASLLVKAPGTGELFVNFDPQILILFRETECM AQMGLEVSPLATSLFQKRDRYKRNFSNMKMMLAEYQRVKSKIPAAIEQLIV PHLAKVDEALQPGLAALTWTSLNIEAYLENTFAKIKDLELLLDRVNDLIEFRI DAILEEMSSTPLCQLPQEEPLTCEEFLQMTKDLCVNGAQILHFKSSLVEEAV NELVNMLLDVEVLSEEESEKISNENSVNYKNESSAKREEGNFDTLTSSINAR ANALLLTTVTRKKKETEMLGEEARELLSHFNHQNMDALLKVTRNTLEAIRK RIRSSHTINFRDSNSASNMKQNSLPIFRASVTLAIPNIVMAPALEDVQQTLNK AVECIISVPKGVRQWSSELLSKKKIQERKMAALQSNEDSDSDVEMGENELQ DTLEIASVNLPIPVQTKNYYKNVSENKEIVKLVSVLSTIINSTKKEVITSMDCF KRYNHIWQKGKEEAIKTFITQSPLLSEFESQILYFQNLEQEINAEPEYVCVGSI ALYTADLKFALTAETKAWMVVIGRHCNKKYRSEMENIFMLIEEFNKKLNRP IKDLDDIRIAMAALKEIREEQISIDFQVGPIEESYALLNRYGLLIAREEIDKVDT LHYAWEKLLARAGEVQNKLVSLQPSFKKELISAVEVFLQDCHQFYLDYDLN GPMASGLKPQEASDRLIMFQNQFDNIYRKYITYTGGEELFGLPATQYPQLLE IKKQLNLLQKIYTLYNSVIETVNSYYDILWSEVNIEKINNELLEFQNRCRKLP RALKDWQAFLDLKKIIDDFSECCPLLEYMASKAMMERHWERITTLTGHSLD VGNESFKLRNIMEAPLLKYKEEIEDICISAVKERDIEQKLKQVINEWDNKTFT FGSFKTRGELLLRGDSTSEIIANMEDSLMLLGSLLSNRYNMPFKAQIQKWVQ YLSNSTDIIESWMTVQNLWIYLEAVFVGGDIAKQLPKEAKRFSNIDKSWVKI MTRAHEVPSVVQCCVGDETLGQLLPHLLDQLEICQKSLTGYLEKKRLCFPR FFFVSDPALLEILGQASDSHTIQAHLLNVFDNIKSVKFHEKIYDRILSISSQEGE TIELDKPVMAEGNVEVWLNSLLEESQSSLHLVIRQAAANIQETGFQLTEFLSS FPAQVGLLGIQMIWTRDSEEALRNAKFDKKEVIQKTNQAFLELLNTLIDVTTR DLSSTERVKYETLITIHVHQRDIFDDLCHMHIKSPMDFEWLKQCRFYFNEDS DKMMIHITDVAFIYQNEFLGCTDRLVITPLTDRCYITLAQALGMSMGGAPA GPAGTGKTETTKDMGRCLGKYVVVFNCSDQMDFRGLGRIFKGLAQSGSWG CFDEFNRIDLPVLSVAAQQISIILTCKKEHKKSFIFTDGDNVTMNPEFGLFLT MNPGYAGRQELPENLKINFRSVAMMVPDRQIIIRVKLASCGFIDNVVLARKF FTLYKLCEEQLSKQVHYDFGLRNILSVLRTLGAAKRANPMDTESTIVMRVL RDMNLSKLIDEDEPLFLSLIEDLFPNILLDKAGYPELEAAISRQVEEAGLINHP PWKLKVIQLFETQRVRHGMMTLGPSGAGKTTCIHTLMRAMTDCGKPHREM RMNPKAITAPQMFGRLDVATNDWTDGIFSTLWRKTLRAKKGEHIWIILDGP VDAIWIENLNSVLDDNKTLTLANGDRIPMAPNCKIIFEPHNIDNASPATVSRN GMVFMSSSILDWSPILEGFLKKRSPQEAEILRQLYTESFPDLYRFCIQNLEYK MEVLEAFVITQSINMLQGLIPLKEQGGEVSQAHLGRLFVFALLWSAGAALEL DGRRRLELWLRSRPTGTLELPPPAGPGDTAFDYYVAPDGTWTHWNTRTQE YLYPSDTTPEYGSILVPNVDNVRTDFLIQTIAKQGKAVLLIGEQGTAKTVIIK GEMSKYDPECHMIKSLNFSSATTPLMFQRTIESYVDKRMGTTYGPPAGKKM TVFIDDVNMPIINEWGDQVTNEIVRQLMEQNGFYNLEKPGEFTSIVDIQFLA AMIHPGGGRNDIPQRLKRQFSIFNCTLPSEASVDKIFGVIGVGHYCTQRGFSE EVRDSVTKLVPLTRRLWQMTKIKMLPTPAKFHYVFNLRDLSRVWQGMLNT T SEVIKEPNDLLKLWKHECKRVIADRFTVSSDVTWFDKALVSLVEEEFGEEK KLLVDCGIDTYFVDFLRDAPEAAGETSEEADAETPKIYEPIESFSHLKERLNM FLQLYNESIRGAGMDMVFFADAMVHLVKISRVIRTPQGNALLVGVGGSGK QSLTRLASFIAGYVSFQITLTRSYNTSNLMEDLKVLYRTAGQQGKGITFIFTD NEIKDESFLEYMNNVLSSGEVSNLFARDEIDEINSDLASVMKKEFPRCLPTNE NLHDYFMSRVRQNLHIVLCFSPVGEKFRNRALKFPALISGCTIDWFSRWPKD ALVAVSEHFLTSYDIDCSLEIKKEVVQCMGSFQDGVAEKCVDYFQRFRRST HVTPKSYLSFIQGYKFIYGEKHVEVRTLANRMNTGLEKLKEASESVAALSKE LEAKEKELQVANDKADMVLKEVTMKAQAAEKVKAEVQKVKDRAQAIVD SISKDKAIAEEKLEAAKPALEEAEAALQTIRPSDIATVRTLGRPPHLIMRIMD CVLLLFQRKVSAVKIDLEKSCTMPSWQESLKLMTAGNFLQNLQQFPKDTIN EEVIEFLSPYFEMPDYNIETAKRVCGNVAGLCSWTKAMASFFSINKEVLPLK ANLVVQENRHLLAMQDLQKAQAELDDKQAELDVVQAEYEQAMTEKQTLL EDAERCRHKMQTASTLISGLAGEKERWTEQSQEFAAQTKRLVGDVLLATAF LSYSGPFNQEFRDLLLNDWRKEMKARKIPFGKNLNLSEMLIDAPTISEWNLQ GLPNDDLSIQNGIIVTKASRYPLLIDPQTQGKIWIKNKESRNELQITSLNHKYF RNHLEDSLSLGRPLLIEDVGEELDPALDNVLERNFIKTGSTFKVKVGDKEVD VLDGFRLYITTKLPNPAYTPEISARTSIIDFTVTMKGLEDQLLGRVILTEKQEL EKERTHLMEDVTANKRRMKELEDNLLYRLTSTQGSLVEDESLIVVLSNTKR TAEEVTQKLEISAETEVQINSAREEYRPVATRGSILYFLITEMRLVNEMYQTS LRQFLGLFDLSLARSVKSPITSKRIANIIEHMTYEVYKYAARGLYEEHKFLFT LLLTLKIDIQRNRVKHEEFLTLIKGGASLDLKACPPKPSKWILDITWLNLVEL SKLRQFSDVLDQISRNEKMWKIWFDKENPEEEPLPNAYDKSLDCFRRLLLIR SWCPDRTIAQARKYIVDSMGEKYAEGVILDLEKTWEESDPRTPLICLLSMGS DPTDSIIALGKRLKIETRYVSMGQGQEVHARKLLQQTMANGGWALLQNCH LGLDFMDELMDIIIETELVHDAFRLWMTTEAHKQFPITLLQMSIKFANDPPQ GLRAGLKRTYSGVSQDLLDVSSGSQWKPMLYAVAFLHSTVQERRKFGALG WNIPYEENQADFNATVQFIQNHLDDMDVKKGVSWTTIRYMIGEIQYGGRVT DDYDKRLLNTFAKVWFSENMFGPDFSFYQGYNIPKCSTVDNYLQYIQSLPA YDSPEVFGLHPNADITYQSKLAKDVLDTILGIQPKDTSGGGDETREAVVARL ADDMLEKLPPDYVPFEVKERLQKMGPFQPMNIFLRQEIDRMQRVLSLVRST LTELKLAIDGTIIMSENLRDALDCMFDARIPAWWKKASWISSTLGFWFTELI ERNSQFTSWVFNGRPHCFWMTGFFNPQGFLTAMRQEITRANKGWALDNM VLCNEVTKWMKDDISAPPTEGVYVYGLYLEGAGWDKRNMKLIESKPKVLF ELMPVIRIYAENNTLRDPRFYSCPIYKKPVRTDLNYIAAVDLRTAQTPEHWV LRGVALLCDVK

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA is a wild-type human DNAH5 mRNA of sequence. In some embodiments, a suitable therapeutic candidate mRNA is a codon-optimized hDNAH5 sequence that can encodes a DNAH5 amino acid sequence shown in Table 1 as SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, an mRNA according to the present invention encodes a DNAH5 protein with an amino acid sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

Codon Optimization

According to an increasing amount of research, mRNAs contain numerous layers of information that overlap the amino acid code. Traditionally, codon optimization has been used to remove rare codons which were thought to be rate-limiting for protein expression. While fast growing bacteria and yeast both exhibit strong codon bias in highly expressed genes, higher eukaryotes exhibit much less codon bias, making it more difficult to discern codons that may be rate-limiting. In addition, it has been found that codon bias per se does not necessarily yield high expression but requires other features.

For example, rare codons have been implicated in slowing translation and forming pause sites, which may be required for correct protein folding. Therefore, variations in codon usage may provide a mechanism to fine-tune the temporal pattern of elongation and thus increase the time available for a protein to take on its correct confirmation. Codon optimization can interfere with this fine-tuning mechanism, resulting in less efficient protein translation or an increased amount of incorrectly folded proteins. Similarly, codon optimization may disrupt the normal patterns of cognate and wobble tRNA usage, thereby affecting protein structure and function because wobble-dependent slowing of elongation may likewise have been selected as a mechanism for achieving correct protein folding.

Despite these obstacles, the inventors have arrived at a codon-optimized hDNAH5 sequence that improves expression of the DNAH5 protein at least threefold over the coding sequence of the wild type gene. The increase in expression is not limited to cell cultures of mammalian cells but was also observed in vivo in a mouse model. It is expected that the observed improvement in expression of the codon-optimised DNAH5 coding sequence will result in an improved, more cost-effective mRNA replacement therapy for patients suffering from PCD, because it does not require the use of modified nucleotides for the preparation of the mRNA and allows treatment with a reduced dose and/or at extended dosing intervals.

Exemplary Codon Optimized DNAH5 mRNA Sequences

The sequences that follow recite select, exemplary codon-optimized DNAH5 mRNA sequences.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 8.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 9.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 10.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 11.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 13.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 14.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 16.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 17.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 18.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 19.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 20.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 21.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 22.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 23.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 24.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 25.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 26.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 27.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 28.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 29.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 30.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA may be a codon-optimized sequence, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 31.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA sequence may be an mRNA sequence a homolog or an analog of human DNAH5 protein. For example, a homolog or an analog of human DNAH5 protein may be a modified human DNAH5 protein containing one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions as compared to a wild-type or naturally-occurring human DNAH5 protein while retaining substantial DNAH5 protein activity. In some embodiments, an mRNA suitable for the present invention encodes an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, an mRNA suitable for the present invention encodes a protein substantially identical to human DNAH5 protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA suitable for the present invention encodes an amino acid sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. Typically, an mRNA according to the present invention encodes a DNAH5 protein with an amino acid sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, an mRNA suitable for the present invention encodes a fragment or a portion of human DNAH5 protein. In some embodiments, an mRNA suitable for the present invention encodes a fragment or a portion of human DNAH5 protein, wherein the fragment or portion of the protein still maintains DNAH5 activity similar to that of the wild-type protein.

In some embodiments, a suitable mRNA encodes a fusion protein comprising a full length, fragment or portion of a DNAH5 protein fused to another protein (e.g., an N or C terminal fusion). In some embodiments, the protein fused to the mRNA encoding a full length, fragment or portion of a DNAH5 protein encodes a signal or a cellular targeting sequence.

In some embodiments, an mRNA suitable for the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30 or SEQ ID NO: 31. More typically, an mRNA in accordance with the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. Preferably, an mRNA according to the present invention comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. For example, an mRNA according to the present invention comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7.

Messenger RNAs according to the present invention may be synthesized according to any of a variety of known methods. For example, mRNAs according to the present invention may be synthesized via in vitro transcription (IVT). Briefly, IVT is typically performed with a linear or circular DNA template containing a promoter, a pool of ribonucleotide triphosphates, a buffer system that may include DTT and magnesium ions, and an appropriate RNA polymerase (e.g., T3, T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase), DNAse I, pyrophosphatase, and/or RNAse inhibitor. The exact conditions will vary according to the specific application.

In some embodiments, for the preparation of mRNA according to the invention, a DNA template is transcribed in vitro. A suitable DNA template typically has a promoter, for example a T3, T7 or SP6 promoter, for in vitro transcription, followed by desired nucleotide sequence for desired mRNA and a termination signal.

Typically, the mRNA according to the present invention is synthesized as unmodified mRNA. Accordingly, the mRNAs of the invention are synthesized from naturally occurring nucleotides including purines (adenine (A), guanine (G)) or pyrimidines (cytosine (C), uracil (U)).

Typically, mRNA synthesis includes the addition of a “cap” on the N-terminal (5′) end, and a “tail” on the C-terminal (3′) end. The presence of the cap is important in providing resistance to nucleases found in most eukaryotic cells. The presence of a “tail” serves to protect the mRNA from exonuclease degradation.

Thus, in some embodiments, mRNAs (e.g., DNAH5-encoding mRNAs) include a 5′ cap structure. A 5′ cap is typically added as follows: first, an RNA terminal phosphatase removes one of the terminal phosphate groups from the 5′ nucleotide, leaving two terminal phosphates; guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is then added to the terminal phosphates via a guanylyl transferase, producing a 5′5′5 triphosphate linkage; and the 7-nitrogen of guanine is then methylated by a methyltransferase. Examples of cap structures include, but are not limited to, m7G(5′)ppp (5′(A,G(5′)ppp(5′)A and G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

In some embodiments, mRNAs (e.g., DNAH5-encoding mRNAs) include a 3′ poly(A) tail structure. A poly-A tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically includes about 10 to 800 adenosine nucleotides (e.g., about 300 to 500 adenosine nucleotides, about 300 to 800 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 500 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 300 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 150 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 adenosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 adenosine nucleotides, or about 20 to 60 adenosine nucleotides). Typically, a poly-A tail in an mRNA in accordance with the invention is about 300 to about 800 adenosine nucleotides long. More commonly, the poly-A tail is about 300 adenosine nucleotides long. In some embodiments, the poly(A) tail structure comprises at least 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% adenosine.

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly(C) tail structure. A suitable poly-C tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically include about 10 to 200 cytosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 150 cytosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 60 cytosine nucleotides, or about 10 to 40 cytosine nucleotides). The poly-C tail may be added to the poly-A tail or may substitute the poly-A tail.

In some embodiments, the mRNA further comprises a 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) comprising a nucleotide sequence and positioned between the 5′ cap structure and coding sequence, and/or a 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) comprising a nucleotide sequence and positioned between the coding sequence and the poly(A) tail structure. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region includes one or more elements that affect an mRNA's stability or translation, for example, an iron responsive element. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region may be between about 50 and 500 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region includes one or more of a polyadenylation signal, a binding site for proteins that affect an mRNA's stability of location in a cell, or one or more binding sites for miRNAs. In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region may be between 50 and 500 nucleotides in length or longer.

Modified mRNA

mRNAs according to the present invention are typically synthesized as unmodified mRNAs. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous to synthesize an mRNA encoding a codon-optimized DNAH5 coding sequence of the present invention with one or more modified nucleotides. Typically, mRNAs are modified to enhance their stability or reduce their immunogenic properties, in particular when administered to a subject as naked mRNAs or in complexed form. Therefore, providing an mRNA encoding a codon-optimized DNAH5 coding sequence of the present invention may have synergistic effects, resulting in sustained in vivo function that exceeds that observed with unmodified mRNAs.

Modifications of mRNA can include, for example, modifications of the nucleotides of the RNA. A modified mRNA according to the invention can thus include, for example, backbone modifications, sugar modifications or base modifications. In some embodiments, mRNAs may be synthesized from naturally occurring nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogues (modified nucleotides) including, but not limited to, purines (adenine (A), guanine (G)) or pyrimidines (thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)), and as modified nucleotides analogues or derivatives of purines and pyrimidines, such as e.g. 1-methyl-adenine, 2-methyl-adenine, 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl-adenine, N6-methyl-adenine, N6-isopentenyl-adenine, 2-thio-cytosine, 3-methyl-cytosine, 4-acetyl-cytosine, 5-methyl-cytosine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyl-guanine, 2-methyl-guanine, 2,2-dimethyl-guanine, 7-methyl-guanine, inosine, 1-methyl-inosine, pseudouracil (5-uracil), dihydro-uracil, 2-thio-uracil, 4-thio-uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)-uracil, 5-fluoro-uracil, 5-bromo-uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-uracil, 5-methyl-2-thio-uracil, 5-methyl-uracil, N-uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, 5-methylaminomethyl-uracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thio-uracil, 5′-methoxycarbonylmethyl-uracil, 5-methoxy-uracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 1-methyl-pseudouracil, queosine, .beta.-D-mannosyl-queosine, wybutoxosine, and phosphoramidates, phosphorothioates, peptide nucleotides, methylphosphonates, 7-deazaguanosine, 5-methylcytosine and inosine. The preparation of such analogues is known to a person skilled in the art e.g. from the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,373,071, 4,401,796, 4,415,732, 4,458,066, 4,500,707, 4,668,777, 4,973,679, 5,047,524, 5,132,418, 5,153,319, 5,262,530 and 5,700,642, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, mRNAs of the present invention may contain RNA backbone modifications. Typically, a backbone modification is a modification in which the phosphates of the backbone of the nucleotides contained in the RNA are modified chemically. Exemplary backbone modifications typically include, but are not limited to, modifications from the group consisting of methylphosphonates, methylphosphoramidates, phosphoramidates, phosphorothioates (e.g. cytidine 5′-O-(1-thiophosphate)), boranophosphates, positively charged guanidinium groups etc., which means by replacing the phosphodiester linkage by other anionic, cationic or neutral groups.

In some embodiments, mRNAs of the present invention may contain sugar modifications. A typical sugar modification is a chemical modification of the sugar of the nucleotides it contains including, but not limited to, sugar modifications chosen from the group consisting of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-oligoribonucleotide (2′-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate), 2′-deoxy-2′-deamine-oligoribonucleotide (2′-amino-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-amino-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate), 2′-O-alkyloligoribonucleotide, 2′-deoxy-2′-C-alkyloligoribonucleotide (2′-O-methylcytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-methyluridine 5′-triphosphate), 2′-C-alkyloligoribonucleotide, and isomers thereof (2′-aracytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-arauridine 5′-triphosphate), or azidotriphosphates (2′-azido-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2′-azido-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate).

In some embodiments, mRNAs of the present invention may contain modifications of the bases of the nucleotides (base modifications). A modified nucleotide which contains a base modification is also called a base-modified nucleotide. Examples of such base-modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to, 2-amino-6-chloropurine riboside 5′-triphosphate, 2-aminoadenosine 5′-triphosphate, 2-thiocytidine 5′-triphosphate, 2-thiouridine 5′-triphosphate, 4-thiouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallylcytidine 5′-triphosphate, 5-aminoallyluridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-bromocytidine 5′-triphosphate, 5-bromouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-iodocytidine 5′-triphosphate, 5-iodouridine 5′-triphosphate, 5-methylcytidine 5′-triphosphate, 5-methyluridine 5′-triphosphate, 6-azacytidine 5′-triphosphate, 6-azauridine 5′-triphosphate, 6-chloropurine riboside 5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaadenosine 5′-triphosphate, 7-deazaguanosine 5′-triphosphate, 8-azaadenosine 5′-triphosphate, 8-azidoadenosine 5′-triphosphate, benzimidazole riboside 5′-triphosphate, N1-methyladenosine 5′-triphosphate, N1-methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate, N6-methyladenosine 5′-triphosphate, 06-methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate, pseudouridine 5′-triphosphate, puromycin 5′-triphosphate or xanthosine 5′-triphosphate.

Cap Structure

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ cap structure. A 5′ cap is typically added as follows: first, an RNA terminal phosphatase removes one of the terminal phosphate groups from the 5′ nucleotide, leaving two terminal phosphates; guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is then added to the terminal phosphates via a guanylyl transferase, producing a 5′5′5 triphosphate linkage; and the 7-nitrogen of guanine is then methylated by a methyltransferase. Examples of cap structures include, but are not limited to, m7G(5′)ppp (5′(A,G(5′)ppp(5′)A and G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

Naturally occurring cap structures comprise a 7-methyl guanosine that is linked via a triphosphate bridge to the 5′-end of the first transcribed nucleotide, resulting in a dinucleotide cap of m7G(5′)ppp(5′)N, where N is any nucleoside. In vivo, the cap is added enzymatically. The cap is added in the nucleus and is catalyzed by the enzyme guanylyl transferase. The addition of the cap to the 5′ terminal end of RNA occurs immediately after initiation of transcription. The terminal nucleoside is typically a guanosine, and is in the reverse orientation to all the other nucleotides, i.e., G(5′)ppp(5′)GpNpNp.

A common cap for mRNA produced by in vitro transcription is m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G, which has been used as the dinucleotide cap in transcription with T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase in vitro to obtain RNAs having a cap structure in their 5′-termini. The prevailing method for the in vitro synthesis of capped mRNA employs a pre-formed dinucleotide of the form m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G (“m7GpppG”) as an initiator of transcription.

To date, a usual form of a synthetic dinucleotide cap used in in vitro translation experiments is the Anti-Reverse Cap Analog (“ARCA”) or modified ARCA, which is generally a modified cap analog in which the 2′ or 3′ OH group is replaced with —OCH3.

Additional cap analogs include, but are not limited to, a chemical structures selected from the group consisting of m7GpppG, m7GpppA, m7GpppC; unmethylated cap analogs (e.g., GpppG); dimethylated cap analog (e.g., m2,7GpppG), trimethylated cap analog (e.g., m2,2,7GpppG), dimethylated symmetrical cap analogs (e.g., m7Gpppm7G), or anti reverse cap analogs (e.g., ARCA; m7,2′OmeGpppG, m72′dGpppG, m7,3′OmeGpppG, m7,3′dGpppG and their tetraphosphate derivatives) (see, e.g., Jemielity, J. et al., “Novel ‘anti-reverse’ cap analogs with superior translational properties”, RNA, 9: 1108-1122 (2003)).

In some embodiments, a suitable cap is a 7-methyl guanylate (“m7G”) linked via a triphosphate bridge to the 5′-end of the first transcribed nucleotide, resulting in m7G(5′)ppp(5′)N, where N is any nucleoside. A preferred embodiment of a m7G cap utilized in embodiments of the invention is m7G(5′)ppp(5′)G.

In some embodiments, the cap is a Cap0 structure. Cap0 structures lack a 2′-O-methyl residue of the ribose attached to bases 1 and 2. In some embodiments, the cap is a Cap1 structure. Cap1 structures have a 2′-O-methyl residue at base 2. In some embodiments, the cap is a Cap2 structure. Cap2 structures have a 2′-O-methyl residue attached to both bases 2 and 3.

A variety of m7G cap analogs are known in the art, many of which are commercially available. These include the m7GpppG described above, as well as the ARCA 3′-OCH3 and 2′-OCH3 cap analogs (Jemielity, J. et al., RNA, 9: 1108-1122 (2003)). Additional cap analogs for use in embodiments of the invention include N7-benzylated dinucleoside tetraphosphate analogs (described in Grudzien, E. et al., RNA, 10: 1479-1487 (2004)), phosphorothioate cap analogs (described in Grudzien-Nogalska, E., et al., RNA, 13: 1745-1755 (2007)), and cap analogs (including biotinylated cap analogs) described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,093,367 and 8,304,529, incorporated by reference herein.

Tail Structure

Typically, the presence of a “tail” serves to protect the mRNA from exonuclease degradation. The poly-A tail is thought to stabilize natural messengers and synthetic sense RNA. Therefore, in certain embodiments a long poly-A tail can be added to an mRNA molecule thus rendering the RNA more stable. Poly-A tails can be added using a variety of art-recognized techniques. For example, long poly-A tails can be added to synthetic or in vitro transcribed RNA using poly A polymerase (Yokoe, et al. Nature Biotechnology. 1996; 14: 1252-1256). A transcription vector can also encode long poly-A tails. In addition, poly-A tails can be added by transcription directly from PCR products. Poly-A may also be ligated to the 3′ end of a sense RNA with RNA ligase (see, e.g., Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., ed. by Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1991 edition)).

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly(A) tail structure. Typically, the length of the poly-A tail can be at least about 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a poly-A tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically includes about 10 to 800 adenosine nucleotides (e.g., about 300 to 500 adenosine nucleotides, about 300 to 800 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 200 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 150 adenosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 adenosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 adenosine nucleotides, or about 20 to 60 adenosine nucleotides). Typically, a poly-A tail in an mRNA in accordance with the invention is about 300 to about 800 adenosine nucleotides long. More commonly, the poly-A tail is about 300 adenosine nucleotides long.

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ poly(C) tail structure. A suitable poly-C tail on the 3′ terminus of mRNA typically include about 10 to 200 cytosine nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to 150 cytosine nucleotides, about 10 to 100 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 70 cytosine nucleotides, about 20 to 60 cytosine nucleotides, or about 10 to 40 cytosine nucleotides). The poly-C tail may be added to the poly-A tail or may substitute the poly-A tail.

In some embodiments, the length of the poly A or poly C tail is adjusted to control the stability of a modified sense mRNA molecule of the invention and, thus, the transcription of protein. For example, since the length of the poly A tail can influence the half-life of a sense mRNA molecule, the length of the poly A tail can be adjusted to modify the level of resistance of the mRNA to nucleases and thereby control the time course of polynucleotide expression and/or polypeptide production in a target cell.

5′ and 3′ Untranslated Region

In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 5′ untranslated region (UTR). In some embodiments, mRNAs include a 3′ untranslated region. In some embodiments, mRNAs include both a 5′ untranslated region and a 3′ untranslated region. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region includes one or more elements that affect an mRNA's stability or translation, for example, an iron responsive element. In some embodiments, a 5′ untranslated region may be between about 50 and 500 nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region includes one or more of a polyadenylation signal, a binding site for proteins that affect an mRNA's stability of location in a cell, or one or more binding sites for miRNAs. In some embodiments, a 3′ untranslated region may be between 50 and 500 nucleotides in length or longer.

Exemplary 3′ and 5′ untranslated region sequences can be derived from mRNA molecules which are stable (e.g., globin, actin, GAPDH, tubulin, histone, or citric acid cycle enzymes) to increase the stability of the sense mRNA molecule. For example, a 5′ UTR sequence may include a partial sequence of a CMV immediate-early 1 (IE1) gene, or a fragment thereof to improve the nuclease resistance and/or improve the half-life of the polynucleotide. Also contemplated is the inclusion of a sequence encoding human growth hormone (hGH), or a fragment thereof to the 3′ end or untranslated region of the polynucleotide (e.g., mRNA) to further stabilize the polynucleotide. Generally, these modifications improve the stability and/or pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., half-life) of the polynucleotide relative to their unmodified counterparts, and include, for example modifications made to improve such polynucleotides' resistance to in vivo nuclease digestion.

In certain embodiments, the codon-optimized DNAH5 mRNA includes a coding region having a codon-optimized coding region flanked by 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions as represented as X and Y, respectively (vide infra)

-   -   X-Coding Region-Y         where the coding region sequence is SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence         70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,         99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 6; or SEQ ID NO: 7 or a         sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,         97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 7; SEQ ID NO: 8 or         a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,         96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 8; SEQ ID NO:         9 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,         95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 9; SEQ         ID NO: 10 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,         94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 10;         SEQ ID NO: 11 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%,         93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID         NO: 11; SEQ ID NO: 12 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,         91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to         SEQ ID NO: 12; SEQ ID NO: 13 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more         identical to SEQ ID NO: 13; SEQ ID NO: 14 or a sequence 70%,         75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%         or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 14; SEQ ID NO: 15 or a sequence         70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,         99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 15; SEQ ID NO: 16 or a         sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,         97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 16; SEQ ID NO: 17         or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,         96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 17; SEQ ID         NO: 18 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,         94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 18;         SEQ ID NO: 19 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%,         93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID         NO: 19; SEQ ID NO: 20 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,         91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to         SEQ ID NO: 20; SEQ ID NO: 21 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more         identical to SEQ ID NO: 21; SEQ ID NO: 22 or a sequence 70%,         75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%         or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 22; SEQ ID NO: 23 or a sequence         70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,         99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 23; SEQ ID NO: 24 or a         sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,         97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 24; SEQ ID NO: 25         or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,         96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 25; SEQ ID         NO: 26 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,         94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 26;         SEQ ID NO: 27 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%,         93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID         NO: 27; SEQ ID NO: 28 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,         91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to         SEQ ID NO: 28; SEQ ID NO: 29 or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,         90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more         identical to SEQ ID NO: 29; SEQ ID NO: 30 or a sequence 70%,         75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%         or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 30; SEQ ID NO: 31 or a sequence         70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,         99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 31; and where

X (5′ UTR Sequence) is [SEQ ID NO.: 2] AGACAGAUCGCCUGGAGACGCCAUCCACGCUGUUUUGACCUCCAUAGAAG ACACCGGGACCGAUCCAGCCUCCGCGGCCGGGAACGGUGCAUUGGAACGC GGAUUCCCCGUGCCAAGAGUGACUCACCGUCCUUGACACG or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 2, or (SEQ ID NO: 3) GGACAGAUCGCCUGGAGACGCCAUCCACGCUGUUUUGACCUCCAUAGAAG ACACCGGGACCGAUCCAGCCUCCGCGGCCGGGAACGGUGCAUUGGAACGC GGAUUCCCCGUGCCAAGAGUGACUCACCGUCCUUGACACG or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 3; and where Y (3′ UTR Sequence) is (SEQ ID NO: 4) CGGGUGGCAUCCCUGUGACCCCUCCCCAGUGCCUCUCCUGGCCCUGGAAG UUGCCACUCCAGUGCCCACCAGCCUUGUCCUAAUAAAAUUAAGUUGCAUC AAGCU or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 4, or (SEQ ID NO: 5) GGGUGGCAUCCCUGUGACCCCUCCCCAGUGCCUCUCCUGGCCCUGGAAGU UGCCACUCCAGUGCCCACCAGCCUUGUCCUAAUAAAAUUAAGUUGCAUCA AAGCU or a sequence 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more identical to SEQ ID NO: 5.

In Vitro Transcription

In certain embodiments of the invention, a codon-optimized human dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 messenger RNA (DNAH5 mRNA) is synthesized by in vitro transcription from a plasmid DNA template encoding the gene, which is followed by the addition of a 5′ cap structure (Fechter, P.; Brownlee, G. G. “Recognition of mRNA cap structures by viral and cellular proteins” J. Gen. Virology 2005, 86, 1239-1249) and a 3′ poly(A) tail of approximately 100, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500 or 800 nucleotides in length as determined by gel electrophoresis.

Delivery Vehicles

According to the present invention, mRNA encoding a DNAH5 protein (e.g., a full length, fragment or portion of a DNAH5 protein) as described herein may be delivered as naked RNA (unpackaged) or via delivery vehicles. As used herein, the terms “delivery vehicle,” “transfer vehicle,” “nanoparticle” or grammatical equivalent, are used interchangeably.

In some embodiments, mRNAs encoding a DNAH5 protein may be delivered via a single delivery vehicle. In some embodiments, mRNAs encoding a DNAH5 protein may be delivered via one or more delivery vehicles each of a different composition. According to various embodiments, suitable delivery vehicles include, but are not limited to polymer based carriers, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), lipid nanoparticles and liposomes, nanoliposomes, ceramide-containing nanoliposomes, proteoliposomes, both natural and synthetically-derived exosomes, natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic lamellar bodies, nanoparticulates, calcium phosphor-silicate nanoparticulates, calcium phosphate nanoparticulates, silicon dioxide nanoparticulates, nanocrystalline particulates, semiconductor nanoparticulates, poly(D-arginine), sol-gels, nanodendrimers, starch-based delivery systems, micelles, emulsions, niosomes, multi-domain-block polymers (vinyl polymers, polypropyl acrylic acid polymers, dynamic polyconjugates), dry powder formulations, plasmids, viruses, calcium phosphate nucleotides, aptamers, peptides and other vectorial tags.

Polymers

In some embodiments, a suitable delivery vehicle is formulated using a polymer as a carrier, alone or in combination with other carriers including various lipids described herein. Thus, in some embodiments, liposomal delivery vehicles, as used herein, also encompass polymer containing nanoparticles. Suitable polymers may include, for example, polyacrylates, polyalkycyanoacrylates, polylactide, polylactide-polyglycolide copolymers, polycaprolactones, dextran, albumin, gelatin, alginate, collagen, chitosan, cyclodextrins, protamine, PEGylated protamine, PLL, PEGylated PLL and polyethylenimine (PEI). When PEI is present, it may be branched PEI of a molecular weight ranging from 10 to 40 kDa, e.g., 25 kDa branched PEI (Sigma #408727).

Liposomes

In some embodiments, a suitable delivery vehicle is a liposome. As used herein, liposomes are usually characterized as microscopic vesicles having an interior aqua space sequestered from an outer medium by a membrane of one or more bilayers. Bilayer membranes of liposomes are typically formed by amphiphilic molecules, such as lipids of synthetic or natural origin that comprise spatially separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains (Lasic, Trends Biotechnol., 16: 307-321, 1998). Bilayer membranes of the liposomes can also be formed by amphophilic polymers and surfactants (e.g., polymerosomes, niosomes, etc.). In the context of the present invention, liposome typically serves to transport a desired mRNA to a target cell or tissue. A typical liposome in accordance with the invention comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids, one or more cholesterol-based lipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids.

Cationic Lipids

As used herein, the phrase “cationic lipids” refers to any of a number of lipid species that have a net positive charge at a selected pH, such as physiological pH.

Several cationic lipids have been described in the literature, many of which are commercially available. Suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2010/144740, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid, (6Z,9Z,28Z,31Z)-heptatriaconta-6,9,28,31-tetraen-19-yl 4-(dimethylamino) butanoate, having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include ionizable cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2013/149140, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid of one of the following formulas:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₁ and R₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₁-C₂₀ alkyl and an optionally substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ acyl; wherein L₁ and L₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an optionally substituted C₁-C₃₀ alkyl, an optionally substituted variably unsaturated C₁-C₃₀ alkenyl, and an optionally substituted C₁-C₃₀ alkynyl; wherein m and o are each independently selected from the group consisting of zero and any positive integer (e.g., where m is three); and wherein n is zero or any positive integer (e.g., where n is one). In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include the cationic lipid (15Z,18Z)-N,N-dimethyl-6-(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl) tetracosa-15,18-dien-1-amine (“HGT5000”), having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include the cationic lipid (15Z,18Z)-N,N-dimethyl-6-((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl) tetracosa-4,15,18-trien-1-amine (“HGT5001”), having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include the cationic lipid and (15Z,18Z)-N,N-dimethyl-6-((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl) tetracosa-5,15,18-trien-1-amine (“HGT5002”), having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include cationic lipids described as aminoalcohol lipidoids in International Patent Publication WO 2010/053572, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2016/118725, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2016/118724, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include a cationic lipid having the formula of 14,25-ditridecyl 15,18,21,24-tetraaza-octatriacontane, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publications WO 2013/063468 and WO 2016/205691, each of which are incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each instance of R^(L) is independently optionally substituted C₆-C₄₀ alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2015/184256, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each X independently is O or S; each Y independently is O or S; each m independently is 0 to 20; each n independently is 1 to 6; each R_(A) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-50 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkynyl, optionally substituted C3-10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl or halogen; and each R_(B) is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-50 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-50 alkynyl, optionally substituted C3-10 carbocyclyl, optionally substituted 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted C6-14 aryl, optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl or halogen. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid, “Target 23”, having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2016/004202, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include the cationic lipids as described in J. McClellan, M. C. King, Cell 2010, 141, 210-217 and in Whitehead et al., Nature Communications (2014) 5:4277, which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the cationic lipids of the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2015/199952, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/004143, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/075531, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one of L¹ or L² is —O(C═O)—, —(C═O)O—, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S(O)_(x), —S—S—, —C(═O)S—, —SC(═O)—, —NR^(a)C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR^(a)—, NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)—, —OC(═O)NR^(a)—, or —NR^(a)C(═O)O—; and the other of L¹ or L² is —O(C═O)—, —(C═O)O—, —C(═O)—, —O—, —S(O)_(x), —S—S—, —C(═O)S—, SC(═O)—, —NR^(a)C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR^(a)—, NR^(a)C(═O)NR^(a)—, —OC(═O)NR^(a)— or —NR^(a)C(═O)O— or a direct bond; G¹ and G² are each independently unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkylene or C₁-C₁₂ alkenylene; G³ is C₁-C₂₄ alkylene, C₁-C₂₄ alkenylene, C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenylene; R^(a) is H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; R¹ and R² are each independently C₆-C₂₄ alkyl or C₆-C₂₄ alkenyl; R³ is H, OR⁵, CN, —C(═O)OR⁴, —OC(═O)R⁴ or —NR⁵C(═O)R⁴; R⁴ is C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; R⁵ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; and x is 0, 1 or 2.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/117528, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having the compound structure:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/049245, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the cationic lipids of the compositions and methods of the present invention include a compound of one of the following formulas:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For any one of these four formulas, R₄ is independently selected from —(CH₂)_(n)Q and —(CH₂)_(n)CHQR; Q is selected from the group consisting of —OR, —OH, —O(CH₂)_(n)N(R)₂, —OC(O)R, —CX₃, —CN, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(H)C(O)R, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(H)S(O)₂R, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(O)N(H)(R), —N(R)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(R)₂, —N(H)C(S)N(H)(R), and a heterocycle; and n is 1, 2, or 3. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the invention include the cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2017/173054 and WO 2015/095340, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include cleavable cationic lipids as described in International Patent Publication WO 2012/170889, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid of the following formula:

wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of imidazole, guanidinium, amino, imine, enamine, an optionally-substituted alkyl amino (e.g., an alkyl amino such as dimethylamino) and pyridyl; wherein R₂ is selected from the group consisting of one of the following two formulas:

and wherein R₃ and R₄ are each independently selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ alkyl and an optionally substituted, variably saturated or unsaturated C₆-C₂₀ acyl; and wherein n is zero or any positive integer (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty or more). In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid, “HGT4001”, having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid, “HGT4002”, having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid, “HGT4003”, having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid, “HGT4004”, having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid “HGT4005”, having a compound structure of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Other suitable cationic lipids for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include cleavable cationic lipids as described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/672,194, filed May 16, 2018, and incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid that is any of general formulas or any of structures (1a)-(21a) and (1b)-(21b) and (22)-(237) described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/672,194. In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include a cationic lipid that has a structure according to Formula (I′),

wherein:

-   -   R^(X) is independently —H, -L¹-R¹, or -L^(5A)-L^(5B)-B′;     -   each of L¹, L², and L³ is independently a covalent bond, —C(O)—,         —C(O)O—, —C(O)S—, or —C(O)NR^(L)—;     -   each L^(4A) and L^(5A) is independently —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, or         —C(O)NR^(L)—;     -   each L^(4B) and L^(5B) is independently C₁-C₂₀ alkylene; C₂-C₂₀         alkenylene; or C₂-C₂₀ alkynylene;     -   each B and B′ is NR⁴R⁵ or a 5- to 10-membered         nitrogen-containing heteroaryl;     -   each R¹, R², and R³ is independently C₆-C₃₀ alkyl, C₆-C₃₀         alkenyl, or C₆-C₃₀ alkynyl;     -   each R⁴ and R⁵ is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl; C₂-C₁₀         alkenyl; or C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl; and     -   each R^(L) is independently hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₂-C₂₀         alkenyl, or C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl.         In certain embodiments, the compositions and methods of the         present invention include a cationic lipid that is         Compound (139) of 62/672,194, having a compound structure of:

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the present invention include the cationic lipid, N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (“DOTMA”). (Feigner et al. (Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. 84, 7413 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,355, which is incorporated herein by reference). Other cationic lipids suitable for the compositions and methods of the present invention include, for example, 5-carboxyspermylglycinedioctadecylamide (“DOGS”); 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(spermine-carboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium (“DOSPA”) (Behr et al. Proc. Nat.'l Acad. Sci. 86, 6982 (1989), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,171,678; 5,334,761); 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-Dimethylammonium-Propane (“DODAP”); 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-Trimethylammonium-Propane (“DOTAP”).

Additional exemplary cationic lipids suitable for the compositions and methods of the present invention also include: 1,2-distearyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DSDMA”); 1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DODMA”); 1,2-dilinoleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DLinDMA”); 1,2-dilinolenyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane (“DLenDMA”); N-dioleyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride (“DODAC”); N,N-distearyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (“DDAB”); N-(1,2-dimyristyloxyprop-3-yl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide (“DMRIE”); 3-dimethylamino-2-(cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxybutan-4-oxy)-1-(cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoxy)propane (“CLinDMA”); 2-[5′-(cholest-5-en-3-beta-oxy)-3′-oxapentoxy)-3-dimethyl-1-(cis,cis-9′,1-2′-octadecadienoxy)propane (“CpLinDMA”); N,N-dimethyl-3,4-dioleyloxybenzylamine (“DMOBA”); 1,2-N,N′-dioleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (“DOcarbDAP”); 2,3-Dilinoleoyloxy-N,N-dimethylpropylamine (“DLinDAP”); 1,2-N,N′-Dilinoleylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (“DLincarbDAP”); 1,2-Dilinoleoylcarbamyl-3-dimethylaminopropane (“DLinCDAP”); 2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminomethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (“DLin-K-DMA”); 2-((8-[(3P)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy)-N,N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propane-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA”); (2R)-2-((8-[(3beta)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy)-N, N-dimethyl-3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA (2R)”); (2S)-2-((8-[(3P)-cholest-5-en-3-yloxy]octyl)oxy)-N, fsl-dimethyh3-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yloxy]propan-1-amine (“Octyl-CLinDMA (2S)”); 2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (“DLin-K-XTC2-DMA”); and 2-(2,2-di((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-yl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine (“DLin-KC2-DMA”) (see, WO 2010/042877, which is incorporated herein by reference; Semple et al., Nature Biotech. 28: 172-176 (2010)). (Heyes, J., et al., J Controlled Release 107: 276-287 (2005); Morrissey, D V., et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 23(8): 1003-1007 (2005); International Patent Publication WO 2005/121348). In some embodiments, one or more of the cationic lipids comprise at least one of an imidazole, dialkylamino, or guanidinium moiety.

In some embodiments, one or more cationic lipids suitable for the compositions and methods of the present invention include 2,2-Dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane (“XTC”); (3aR,5s,6aS)-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-di((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienyl)tetrahydro-3aH-cyclopenta[d][1,3]dioxol-5-amine (“ALNY-100”) and/or 4,7,13-tris(3-oxo-3-(undecylamino)propyl)-N1,N16-diundecyl-4,7,10,13-tetraazahexadecane-1,16-diamide (“NC98-5”).

In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention include one or more cationic lipids that constitute at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70%, measured by weight, of the total lipid content in the composition, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention include one or more cationic lipids that constitute at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, or 70%, measured as a mol %, of the total lipid content in the composition, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention include one or more cationic lipids that constitute about 30-70% (e.g., about 30-65%, about 30-60%, about 30-55%, about 30-50%, about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about 35-40%), measured by weight, of the total lipid content in the composition, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention include one or more cationic lipids that constitute about 30-70% (e.g., about 30-65%, about 30-60%, about 30-55%, about 30-50%, about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about 35-40%), measured as mol %, of the total lipid content in the composition, e.g., a lipid nanoparticle

In some embodiments, sterol-based cationic lipids may be use instead or in addition to cationic lipids described herein. Suitable sterol-based cationic lipids are dialkylamino-, imidazole-, and guanidinium-containing sterol-based cationic lipids. For example, certain embodiments are directed to a composition comprising one or more sterol-based cationic lipids comprising an imidazole, for example, the imidazole cholesterol ester or “ICE” lipid (3S,10R,13R,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-((R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl 3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate, as represented by structure (I) below. In certain embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle for delivery of RNA (e.g., mRNA) encoding a functional protein may comprise one or more imidazole-based cationic lipids, for example, the imidazole cholesterol ester or “ICE” lipid (3S,10R,13R,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-((R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate, as represented by the following structure:

In some embodiments, the percentage of cationic lipid in a liposome may be greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or greater than 70%. In some embodiments, cationic lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30-50% (e.g., about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about 35-40%) of the liposome by weight. In some embodiments, the cationic lipid (e.g., ICE lipid) constitutes about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, or about 50% of the liposome by molar ratio.

Non-Cationic/Helper Lipids

In some embodiments, provided liposomes contain one or more non-cationic (“helper”) lipids. As used herein, the phrase “non-cationic lipid” refers to any neutral, zwitterionic or anionic lipid. As used herein, the phrase “anionic lipid” refers to any of a number of lipid species that carry a net negative charge at a selected H, such as physiological pH. Non-cationic lipids include, but are not limited to, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (DOPE-mal), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE), dimyristoylphosphoethanolamine (DMPE), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE), 16-O-monomethyl PE, 16-O-dimethyl PE, 18-1-trans PE, 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidyethanolamine (SOPE), or a mixture thereof.

In some embodiments, such non-cationic lipids may be used alone, but are preferably used in combination with other excipients, for example, cationic lipids. In some embodiments, the non-cationic lipid may comprise a molar ratio of about 5% to about 90%, or about 10% to about 70% of the total lipid present in a liposome. In some embodiments, a non-cationic lipid is a neutral lipid, i.e., a lipid that does not carry a net charge in the conditions under which the composition is formulated and/or administered. In some embodiments, the percentage of non-cationic lipid in a liposome may be greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, or greater than 40%.

Cholesterol-Based Lipids

In some embodiments, provided liposomes comprise one or more cholesterol-based lipids. For example, suitable cholesterol-based cationic lipids include, for example, DC-Choi (N,N-dimethyl-N-ethylcarboxamidocholesterol), 1,4-bis(3-N-oleylamino-propyl)piperazine (Gao, et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 179, 280 (1991); Wolf et al. BioTechniques 23, 139 (1997); U.S. Pat. No. 5,744,335), or ICE. In some embodiments, the cholesterol-based lipid may comprise a molar ration of about 2% to about 30%, or about 5% to about 20% of the total lipid present in a liposome. In some embodiments, the percentage of cholesterol-based lipid in the liposome may be greater than 5, %, 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, or greater than 40%.

PEGylated Lipids

In some embodiments, provided liposomes comprise one or more PEGylated lipids. For example, the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified phospholipids and derivatized lipids such as derivatized ceramides (PEG-CER), including N-Octanoyl-Sphingosine-1-[Succinyl(Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol)-2000] (C8 PEG-2000 ceramide) is also contemplated by the present invention in combination with one or more of the cationic and, in some embodiments, other lipids together which comprise the liposome. Contemplated PEG-modified lipids include, but are not limited to, a polyethylene glycol chain of up to 2 kDa, up to 3 kDa, up to 4 kDa or 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C6-C20 length. In some embodiments, a PEG-modified or PEGylated lipid is PEGylated cholesterol or PEG-2K. The addition of such components may prevent complex aggregation and may also provide a means for increasing circulation lifetime and increasing the delivery of the lipid-nucleic acid composition to the target cell, (Klibanov et al. (1990) FEBS Letters, 268 (1): 235-237), or they may be selected to rapidly exchange out of the formulation in vivo (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,613). In some embodiments, a PEG-modified or PEGylated lipid is PEGylated cholesterol or PEG-2K. In some embodiments, particularly useful exchangeable lipids are PEG-ceramides having shorter acyl chains (e.g., C14 or C18).

In some embodiments, particularly useful exchangeable lipids are PEG-ceramides having shorter acyl chains (e.g., C14 or C18). The PEG-modified phospholipid and derivitized lipids of the present invention may comprise a molar ratio from about 0% to about 15%, about 0.5% to about 15%, about 1% to about 15%, about 4% to about 10%, or about 2% of the total lipid present in the liposome. PEG-modified phospholipid and derivatized lipids may constitute at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or 70% of the total lipids in a suitable lipid solution by weight or by molar. In some embodiments, PEGylated lipid lipid(s) constitute(s) about 30-50% (e.g., about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about 35-40%) of the total lipids in a suitable lipid solution by weight or by molar.

According to various embodiments, the selection of cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids and/or PEG-modified lipids which comprise the liposome, as well as the relative molar ratio of such lipids to each other, is based upon the characteristics of the selected lipid(s), the nature of the intended target cells, the characteristics of the mRNA to be delivered. Additional considerations include, for example, the saturation of the alkyl chain, as well as the size, charge, pH, pKa, fusogenicity and toxicity of the selected lipid(s). Thus, the molar ratios may be adjusted accordingly.

Liposome Formulations

A suitable liposome for the present invention may include one or more of any of the cationic lipids, non-cationic lipids, cholesterol lipids, PEGylated lipids and/or polymers described herein at various ratios. Typically, a liposome in accordance with the present invention comprises a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, a cholesterol lipid and a PEGylated lipid. As non-limiting examples, a suitable liposome formulation may include a combination selected from cKK-E12, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K; C12-200, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K; HGT4003, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K; or ICE, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K or ICE, DOPE and DMG-PEG2K. Additional combinations of lipids are described in the art, e.g., U.S. Ser. No. 62/420,421 (filed on Nov. 10, 2016), U.S. Ser. No. 62/421,021 (filed on Nov. 11, 2016), U.S. Ser. No. 62/464,327 (filed on Feb. 27, 2017), and PCT Application entitled “Novel ICE-based Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation for Delivery of mRNA,” filed on Nov. 10, 2017, the disclosures of which are included here in their full scope by reference.

In various embodiments, cationic lipids (e.g., cKK-E12, C12-200, ICE, and/or HGT4003) constitute about 30-60% (e.g., about 30-55%, about 30-50%, about 30-45%, about 30-40%, about 35-50%, about 35-45%, or about 35-40%) of the liposome by molar ratio. In some embodiments, the percentage of cationic lipids (e.g., cKK-E12, C12-200, ICE, and/or HGT4003) is or greater than about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, or about 60% of the liposome by molar ratio.

In some embodiments, the ratio of cationic lipid(s) to non-cationic lipid(s) to cholesterol-based lipid(s) to PEGylated lipid(s) may be between about 30-60:25-35:20-30:1-15, respectively. In some embodiments, the ratio of cationic lipid(s) to non-cationic lipid(s) to cholesterol-based lipid(s) to PEGylated lipid(s) is approximately 40:30:20:10, respectively. In some embodiments, the ratio of cationic lipid(s) to non-cationic lipid(s) to cholesterol-based lipid(s) to PEGylated lipid(s) is approximately 40:30:25:5, respectively. In some embodiments, the ratio of cationic lipid(s) to non-cationic lipid(s) to cholesterol-based lipid(s) to PEGylated lipid(s) is approximately 40:32:25:3, respectively. In some embodiments, the ratio of cationic lipid(s) to non-cationic lipid(s) to cholesterol-based lipid(s) to PEGylated lipid(s) is approximately 50:25:20:5.

Formation of Liposomes

The liposomal transfer vehicles for use in the compositions of the invention can be prepared by various techniques which are presently known in the art. The liposomes for use in provided compositions can be prepared by various techniques which are presently known in the art. For example, multilamellar vesicles (MLV) may be prepared according to conventional techniques, such as by depositing a selected lipid on the inside wall of a suitable container or vessel by dissolving the lipid in an appropriate solvent, and then evaporating the solvent to leave a thin film on the inside of the vessel or by spray drying. An aqueous phase then may be added to the vessel with a vortexing motion which results in the formation of MLVs. Unilamellar vesicles (ULV) can then be formed by homogenization, sonication or extrusion of the multilamellar vesicles. In addition, unilamellar vesicles can be formed by detergent removal techniques.

In certain embodiments, provided compositions comprise a liposome wherein the mRNA is associated on both the surface of the liposome and encapsulated within the same liposome. For example, during preparation of the compositions of the present invention, cationic liposomes may associate with the mRNA through electrostatic interactions. For example, during preparation of the compositions of the present invention, cationic liposomes may associate with the mRNA through electrostatic interactions.

In some embodiments, the compositions and methods of the invention comprise mRNA encapsulated in a liposome. In some embodiments, the one or more mRNA species may be encapsulated in the same liposome. In some embodiments, the one or more mRNA species may be encapsulated in different liposomes. In some embodiments, the mRNA is encapsulated in one or more liposomes, which differ in their lipid composition, molar ratio of lipid components, size, charge (Zeta potential), targeting ligands and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more liposome may have a different composition of cationic lipids, neutral lipid, PEG-modified lipid and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments the one or more liposomes may have a different molar ratio of cationic lipid, neutral lipid, cholesterol and PEG-modified lipid used to create the liposome.

The process of incorporation of a desired mRNA into a liposome is often referred to as “loading”. Exemplary methods are described in Lasic, et al., FEBS Lett., 312: 255-258, 1992, which is incorporated herein by reference. In a typical embodiment, the mRNA of the invention is encapsulated in a liposome using the methods described in WO 2018/089801 (the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Briefly, the mRNA is encapsulated by mixing of a solution comprising pre-formed liposomes with mRNA such that liposomes encapsulating mRNA are formed.

Typically, the liposome-incorporated nucleic acids are completely located in the interior space of the liposome within the bilayer membrane of the liposome, although as discussed above, some of the mRNA (e.g., no more than 10% of total mRNA in the liposome composition) may also be associated with the exterior surface of the liposome membrane. The incorporation of a nucleic acid into liposomes is also referred to herein as “encapsulation”. Typically, the purpose of incorporating an mRNA into a liposome is to protect the nucleic acid from an environment which may contain enzymes or chemicals that degrade nucleic acids and/or systems or receptors that cause the rapid excretion of the nucleic acids. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a suitable delivery vehicle is capable of enhancing the stability of the mRNA contained therein and/or facilitate the delivery of mRNA to the target cell or tissue.

Liposome Size

Suitable liposomes in accordance with the present invention may be made in various sizes. In some embodiments, provided liposomes may be made smaller than previously known mRNA encapsulating liposomes. In some embodiments, decreased size of liposomes is associated with more efficient delivery of mRNA. Selection of an appropriate liposome size may take into consideration the site of the target cell or tissue and to some extent the application for which the liposome is being made.

In some embodiments, an appropriate size of liposome is selected to facilitate systemic distribution of antibody encoded by the mRNA. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to limit transfection of the mRNA to certain cells or tissues. For example, to target hepatocytes a liposome may be sized such that its dimensions are smaller than the fenestrations of the endothelial layer lining hepatic sinusoids in the liver; in such cases the liposome could readily penetrate such endothelial fenestrations to reach the target hepatocytes.

Alternatively or additionally, a liposome may be sized such that the dimensions of the liposome are of a sufficient diameter to limit or expressly avoid distribution into certain cells or tissues. For example, a liposome may be sized such that its dimensions are larger than the fenestrations of the endothelial layer lining hepatic sinusoids to thereby limit distribution of the liposomes to hepatocytes.

In some embodiments, the size of a liposome is determined by the length of the largest diameter of the liposome particle. In some embodiments, a suitable liposome has a size no greater than about 250 nm (e.g., no greater than about 225 nm, 200 nm, 175 nm, 150 nm, 125 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, or 50 nm). In some embodiments, a suitable liposome has a size ranging from about 10-250 nm (e.g., ranging from about 10-225 nm, 10-200 nm, 10-175 nm, 10-150 nm, 10-125 nm, 10-100 nm, 10-75 nm, or 10-50 nm). In some embodiments, a suitable liposome has a size ranging from about 100-250 nm (e.g., ranging from about 100-225 nm, 100-200 nm, 100-175 nm, 100-150 nm). Liposomes with a size of 80-200 nm are particularly suitable for some application. In some embodiments, a suitable liposome has a size ranging from about 10-100 nm (e.g., ranging from about 10-90 nm, 10-80 nm, 10-70 nm, 10-60 nm, or 10-50 nm). In a particular embodiment, a suitable liposome has a size less than about 100 nm.

A variety of alternative methods known in the art are available for sizing of a population of liposomes. One such sizing method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,323, incorporated herein by reference. Sonicating a liposome suspension either by bath or probe sonication produces a progressive size reduction down to small ULV less than about 0.05 microns in diameter. Homogenization is another method that relies on shearing energy to fragment large liposomes into smaller ones. In a typical homogenization procedure, MLV are recirculated through a standard emulsion homogenizer until selected liposome sizes, typically between about 0.1 and 0.5 microns, are observed. The size of the liposomes may be determined by quasi-electric light scattering (QELS) as described in Bloomfield, Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng., 10:421-150 (1981), incorporated herein by reference. Average liposome diameter may be reduced by sonication of formed liposomes. Intermittent sonication cycles may be alternated with QELS assessment to guide efficient liposome synthesis.

Liposome Formulations for DNAH5 mRNA Delivery and Expression

This section provides exemplary liposome formulations for effective delivery and expression of DNAH5 mRNA in vivo.

Lipid Materials

The formulations described herein include a multi-component lipid mixture of varying ratios employing one or more cationic lipids, helper lipids (e.g., non-cationic lipids and/or cholesterol-based lipids) and PEGylated lipids designed to encapsulate mRNA encoding DNAH5 protein. Cationic lipids can include (but not exclusively) DOTAP (1,2-dioleyl-3-trimethylammonium propane), DODAP (1,2-dioleyl-3-dimethylammonium propane), DOTMA (1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-3-trimethylammonium propane), DLinDMA (Heyes, J.; Palmer, L.; Bremner, K.; MacLachlan, I. “Cationic lipid saturation influences intracellular delivery of encapsulated nucleic acids” J. Contr. Rel. 2005, 107, 276-287), DLin-KC2-DMA (Semple, S. C. et al. “Rational Design of Cationic Lipids for siRNA Delivery” Nature Biotech. 2010, 28, 172-176), C12-200 (Love, K. T. et al. “Lipid-like materials for low-dose in vivo gene silencing” PNAS 2010, 107, 1864-1869), cKK-E12 (3,6-bis(4-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)butyl)piperazine-2,5-dione), HGT5000, HGT5001, HGT4003, ICE, OF-02, dialkylamino-based, imidazole-based, guanidinium-based, etc. Helper lipids can include (but not exclusively) DSPC (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DOPE (1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DOPC (1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphotidylcholine) DPPE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DMPE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DOPG (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol)), cholesterol, etc. The PEGylated lipids can include (but not exclusively) a poly(ethylene) glycol chain of up to 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C6-C20 length.

Exemplary Formulation Protocols

A. cKK-E12

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of cKK-E12, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5 mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution was injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension was filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA were determined.

B. C12-200

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of C12-200, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution is injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension is filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA are determined.

C. HGT4003

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of HGT4003, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5 mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution is injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension is filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA are determined.

D. ICE

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of ICE, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5 mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution is injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension is filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA are determined.

E. HGT5001

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of HGT5001, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5 mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution is injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension is filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA are determined.

F. HGT5000

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of HGT5000, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5T mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution is injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension is filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA are determined.

G. DLinKC2DMA

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of DLinKC2DMA, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5 mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution is injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension is filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA are determined.

H. DODAP

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of DODAP, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5 mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution is injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension is filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA are determined.

I. DODMA

Aliquots of 50 mg/mL ethanolic solutions of DODMA, DOPE, cholesterol and DMG-PEG2K are mixed and diluted with ethanol to 3 mL final volume. Separately, an aqueous buffered solution (10 mM citrate/150 mM NaCl, pH 4.5) of DNAH5 mRNA is prepared from a 1 mg/mL stock. The lipid solution is injected rapidly into the aqueous mRNA solution and shaken to yield a final suspension in 20% ethanol. The resulting liposome suspension is filtered, diafiltrated with 1×PBS (pH 7.4), concentrated and stored at 2-8° C. The final concentration, Zave, Dv(50) and Dv(90) of the DNAH5 encapsulated mRNA are determined.

Clinical or therapeutic candidate mRNA formulations are selected from the exemplary codon-optimized mRNA sequences having a 5′-cap and a 3′-poly A tail, which is formulated in a suitable lipid combination as described above. Clinically relevant mRNA candidates are characterized by efficient delivery and uptake by in vivo tissue, high level of expression and sustained protein production, without detectable adverse effects in the subject to whom the therapeutic is administered, either caused by the pharmacologically active ingredient or by the lipids in the liposome, or by any excipients used in the formulation. In general, high efficiency with low dose administration is favorable for the selection process of a relevant candidate therapeutic.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The present invention provides compositions for use in the treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The compositions of the present invention are for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).

To facilitate expression of mRNA in vivo, delivery vehicles such as liposomes can be formulated in combination with one or more additional nucleic acids, carriers, targeting ligands or stabilizing reagents, or in pharmacological compositions where it is mixed with suitable excipients. Techniques for formulation and administration of drugs may be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., latest edition.

Provided liposomally-encapsulated or associated mRNAs, and compositions containing the same, may be administered and dosed in accordance with current medical practice, taking into account the clinical condition of the subject, the site and method of administration, the scheduling of administration, the subject's age, sex, body weight and other factors relevant to clinicians of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” is largely determined based on the total amount of the therapeutic agent contained in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Generally, a therapeutically effective amount is sufficient to achieve a meaningful benefit to the subject, the mammal, (e.g., treating, modulating, curing, preventing and/or ameliorating PCD). For example, a therapeutically effective amount may be an amount sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect. Generally, the amount of a therapeutic agent (e.g., mRNA encoding aDNAH5 protein) administered to a subject in need thereof will depend upon the characteristics of the subject. Such characteristics include the condition, disease severity, general health, age, sex and body weight of the subject. One of ordinary skill in the art will be readily able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other related factors. In addition, both objective and subjective assays may optionally be employed to identify optimal dosage ranges.

In some embodiments, an effective therapeutic dose of the pharmaceutical composition comprising an mRNA encoding dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 protein is administered to the mammal at a dosing interval sufficient to reduce for the period of the dosing interval or longer the level of at least one symptom or biomarker associated with PCD in the mammal relative to its state prior to the treatment.

In some embodiments the mammal is a human. A suitable therapeutic dose that may be applicable for a human being can be derived based on animal studies. A basic guideline for deriving a human equivalent dose from studies performed in animals can be obtained from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website at https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm078932.pdf, entitled, “Guidance for Industry Estimating the Maximum Safe Starting Dose in Initial Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in Adult Healthy Volunteers.” Based on the guidelines for allometric scaling, a suitable dose of, for example, 0.6 mg/kg in a mouse, would relate to a human equivalent dose of 0.0048 mg/kg. Thus, considering the derived human equivalent dose, a projected human therapeutic dose can be derived based on studies in other animals.

In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every 15 days or longer, or once every 20 days or longer, or once every 21 days, or once every 22 days, or once every 23 days, or once every 24 days, or once every 25 days, once every 26 days, or once every 27 days, or once every 28 days, or once every 29 days or longer, or once every 30 days or longer, or once every 31 days or longer. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every 40, 45 or 50 days or 60 days, or any number of days in between. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every 80, 90 or 120 days or 150 days, or any number of days in between.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic low dose is administered at a dosing interval of once every 2 weeks or longer, which is sufficient to reduce the level of at least one symptom or biomarker associated with PCD in the mammal relative to the state prior to the treatment. In some embodiments, the therapeutic low dose is administered at a dosing interval of once every 3 weeks or longer, which is sufficient to reduce the level of at least one symptom or biomarker associated with PCD in the mammal relative to the state prior to the treatment. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every 4 weeks or longer. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every 5 weeks or longer. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every 6 weeks or longer. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every 8 weeks or longer. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every 12 or 15 or 18 weeks or longer.

In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once a month. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once in every two months. In some embodiments, the dosing interval is once every three months, or once every four months or once every five months or once every six months or anywhere in between.

In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 mRNA expression level in a biological sample from a subject as compared to a baseline expression level before treatment. Typically, the baseline level is measured immediately before treatment. Biological samples include, for example, whole blood, serum, plasma, urine and tissue samples (e.g., muscle, liver, skin fibroblasts). In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 mRNA expression level by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% as compared to the baseline level immediately before treatment. In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 mRNA expression level as compared to a DNAH5 mRNA expression level in subjects who are not treated

According to the present invention, a therapeutically effective dose of the provided composition, when administered regularly, results in an increased DNAH5 protein expression or activity level in a subject as compared to a baseline DNAH5 protein expression or activity level before treatment. Typically, the DNAH5 protein expression or activity level is measured in a biological sample obtained from the subject such as blood, plasma or serum, urine, or solid tissue extracts. In some embodiments, the administering of a composition of the invention results in DNAH5 expression detectable in the liver. In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 protein expression or activity level in a biological sample (e.g., plasma/serum or urine) by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% as compared to a baseline level before treatment. In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 protein expression or activity level in a biological sample (e.g., plasma/serum or urine) by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% as compared to a baseline level before treatment for at least 24 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 72 hours, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 8 days, at least 9 days, at least 10 days, at least 11 days, at least 12 days, at least 13 days, at least 14 days, or at least 15 days.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic dose is sufficient to achieve at least some stabilization, improvement or elimination of symptoms and other indicators, such as biomarkers, are selected as appropriate measures of disease progress, disease regression or improvement by those of skill in the art.

Suitable routes of administration include, for example, oral, rectal, vaginal, transmucosal, pulmonary including intratracheal or inhaled, or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intradermal, transdermal (topical), intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intranasal.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose comprising the mRNA encoding dynein axonemal heavy chain protein is administered to the subject by intramuscular administration.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose comprising the mRNA encoding dynein axonemal heavy chain protein is administered to the subject by subcutaneous administration.

In particular embodiments, the intramuscular administration is to a muscle selected from the group consisting of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In some embodiments the administration results in delivery of the mRNA to a muscle cell. In some embodiments the administration results in delivery of the mRNA to a hepatocyte (i.e., liver cell). In a particular embodiment, the intramuscular administration results in delivery of the mRNA to a muscle cell.

Most commonly, the therapeutically effective dose comprising the mRNA encoding dynein axonemal heavy chain protein is administered to the subject by intravenous administration.

Alternatively or additionally, liposomally encapsulated mRNAs and compositions of the invention may be administered in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the pharmaceutical composition directly into a targeted tissue, preferably in a sustained release formulation. Local delivery can be affected in various ways, depending on the tissue to be targeted. For example, aerosols containing compositions of the present invention can be inhaled (for nasal, tracheal, or bronchial delivery); compositions of the present invention can be injected into the site of injury, disease manifestation, or pain, for example; compositions can be provided in lozenges for oral, tracheal, or esophageal application; can be supplied in liquid, tablet or capsule form for administration to the stomach or intestines, can be supplied in suppository form for rectal or vaginal application; or can even be delivered to the eye by use of creams, drops, or even injection. Formulations containing provided compositions complexed with therapeutic molecules or ligands can even be surgically administered, for example in association with a polymer or other structure or substance that can allow the compositions to diffuse from the site of implantation to surrounding cells. Alternatively, they can be applied surgically without the use of polymers or supports.

In particular embodiments, DNAH5 encoding mRNA is administered intravenously, wherein intravenous administration is associated with delivery of the mRNA to hepatocytes.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose comprising the mRNA encoding dynein axonemal heavy chain protein is administered for suitable delivery to the mammal's liver. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective dose comprising the mRNA encoding dynein axonemal heavy chain protein is administered for suitable expression in hepatocytes of the administered mammal.

Provided methods of the present invention contemplate single as well as multiple administrations of a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic agents (e.g., mRNA encoding a DNAH5 protein) described herein. Therapeutic agents can be administered at regular intervals, depending on the nature, severity and extent of the subject's condition (e.g., PCD). In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic agents (e.g., mRNA encoding a DNAH5 protein) of the present invention may be administered intrathecally periodically at regular intervals (e.g., once every year, once every six months, once every five months, once every three months, bimonthly (once every two months), monthly (once every month), biweekly (once every two weeks), twice a month, once every 30 days, once every 28 days, once every 14 days, once every 10 days, once every 7 days, weekly, twice a week, daily or continuously).

In some embodiments, provided liposomes and/or compositions are formulated such that they are suitable for extended-release of the mRNA contained therein. Such extended-release compositions may be conveniently administered to a subject at extended dosing intervals. For example, in one embodiment, the compositions of the present invention are administered to a subject twice a day, daily or every other day. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are administered to a subject twice a week, once a week, once every 7 days, once every 10 days, once every 14 days, once every 28 days, once every 30 days, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once every four weeks, once a month, twice a month, once every six weeks, once every eight weeks, once every other month, once every three months, once every four months, once every six months, once every eight months, once every nine months or annually.

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention are administered to a subject once a week, once every two weeks or once a month. In a more preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention are administered to a subject once every two weeks or once every month. In the most preferred embodiment, the compositions of the present invention are administered to a subject once every month.

In some embodiments the mRNA is administered concurrently with an additional therapy.

Also contemplated are compositions and liposomes which are formulated for depot administration (e.g., intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intravitreally) to either deliver or release an mRNA over extended periods of time. Preferably, the extended-release means employed are combined with modifications made to the mRNA to enhance stability.

A therapeutically effective amount is commonly administered in a dosing regimen that may comprise multiple unit doses. For any particular therapeutic protein, a therapeutically effective amount (and/or an appropriate unit dose within an effective dosing regimen) may vary, for example, depending on route of administration, on combination with other pharmaceutical agents. Also, the specific therapeutically effective amount (and/or unit dose) for any particular patient may depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific pharmaceutical agent employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and/or rate of excretion or metabolism of the specific protein employed; the duration of the treatment; and like factors as is well known in the medical arts. According to the present invention, a therapeutically effective dose of the provided composition, when administered regularly, results in at least one symptom or feature of PCD is reduced in intensity, severity, or frequency or has delayed onset.

Also contemplated herein are lyophilized pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the liposomes disclosed herein and related methods for the use of such compositions as disclosed for example, in International Patent Application PCT/US12/41663, filed Jun. 8, 2012, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. For example, lyophilized pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be reconstituted prior to administration or can be reconstituted in vivo. For example, a lyophilized pharmaceutical composition can be formulated in an appropriate dosage form (e.g., an intradermal dosage form such as a disk, rod or membrane) and administered such that the dosage form is rehydrated over time in vivo by the individual's bodily fluids.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a lyophilized liposomal delivery vehicle that comprises a cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid, a PEG-modified lipid and cholesterol. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has a Dv50 of less than 500 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 150 nm, 125 nm, 120 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, 25 nm or smaller upon reconstitution. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has a Dv90 of less than 750 nm, 700 nm, 500 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 150 nm, 125 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, 25 nm or smaller upon reconstitution. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has a polydispersity index value of less than 1, 0.95, 0.9, 0.8, 0.75, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05 or less upon reconstitution. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has an average particle size of less than 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 175 nm, 150 nm, 125 nm, 100 nm, 75 nm, 50 nm, 25 nm or upon reconstitution.

In some embodiments, the lyophilized pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more lyoprotectants, such as sucrose, trehalose, dextran or inulin. Typically, the lyoprotectant is sucrose. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is stable for at least 1 month or at least 6 months upon storage at 4° C., or for at least 6 months upon storage at 25° C. In some embodiments, the biologic activity of the mRNA of the reconstituted lyophilized pharmaceutical composition exceeds 75% of the biological activity observed prior to lyophilization of the composition.

Provided liposomes and compositions may be administered to any desired tissue. In some embodiments, the DNAH5 mRNA delivered by provided liposomes or compositions is expressed in the tissue in which the liposomes and/or compositions were administered. In some embodiments, the mRNA delivered is expressed in a tissue different from the tissue in which the liposomes and/or compositions were administered. Exemplary tissues in which delivered mRNA may be delivered and/or expressed include, but are not limited to the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, serum, brain, skeletal muscle, lymph nodes, skin, and/or cerebrospinal fluid.

According to various embodiments, the timing of expression of delivered mRNAs can be tuned to suit a particular medical need. In some embodiments, the expression of the protein encoded by delivered mRNA is detectable 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, or 1 month after administration of provided liposomes and/or compositions.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective dose of the provided composition, when administered regularly, results in a reduced methylmalonic acid level in a subject as compared to a baseline methylmalonic acid level before treatment.

In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased level of DNAH5 protein in a liver cell (e.g., a hepatocyte) of a subject as compared to a baseline level before treatment. Typically, the baseline level is measured immediately before treatment. In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 protein level in the liver cell by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% as compared to a baseline level before treatment. In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 protein level in a liver cell as compared to the DNAH5 protein level a liver cell of subjects who are not treated.

In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 protein level in plasma or serum of subject as compared to a baseline level before treatment. Typically, the baseline level is measured immediately before treatment. In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 protein level in plasma or serum by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% as compared to a baseline level before treatment. In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 protein level in plasma or serum as compared to a DNAH5 protein level in plasma or serum of subjects who are not treated.

In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in increased DNAH5 enzyme activity in a biological sample from a subject as compared to the baseline level before treatment. Typically, the baseline level is measured immediately before treatment. Biological samples include, for example, whole blood, serum, plasma, urine and tissue samples (e.g., liver). In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 enzyme activity by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% as compared to a baseline level immediately before treatment. In some embodiments, administering the provided composition results in an increased DNAH5 enzyme activity as compared to DNAH5 enzyme activity in subjects who are not treated.

In some embodiments the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the mammal is an adult. In some embodiments the mammal is an adolescent. In some embodiments the mammal is an infant or a young mammal. In some embodiments, the mammal is a primate. In some embodiments the mammal is a human. In some embodiments the subject is 6 years to 80 years old.

EXAMPLES

While certain compounds, compositions and methods of the present invention have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds of the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

Example 1. Exemplary Liposome Formulations for DNAH5 mRNA Delivery and Expression

This example provides exemplary liposome formulations for effective delivery and expression of hDNAH5 mRNA in vivo.

Lipid Materials

The formulations described in the following Examples, unless otherwise specified, contain a multi-component lipid mixture of varying ratios employing one or more cationic lipids, helper lipids (e.g., non-cationic lipids and/or cholesterol lipids) and PEGylated lipids designed to encapsulate human dynein axonemal heavy chain 5 (hDNAH5) mRNA. Unless otherwise specified, the multi-component lipid mixture used in the following Examples were ethanolic solutions of an imidazole cholesterol ester (“ICE”) cationic lipid, a non-cationic lipid such as DOPE, and a PEGylated lipid such as DMG-PEG2K.

Messenger RNA Material

Codon-optimized hDNAH5 messenger RNA was synthesized by in vitro transcription from a plasmid DNA template encoding the gene. Following in vitro transcription, a 5′ cap structure (Cap 1) (Fechter, P.; Brownlee, G. G. “Recognition of mRNA cap structures by viral and cellular proteins” J. Gen. Virology 2005, 86, 1239-1249) and a 3′ poly(A) tail were added. The poly(A) tail was approximately 135 nucleotides in length on average. The 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions present in each mRNA product are represented as X and Y, respectively, and defined as stated (vide infra).

Codon-Optimized hDNAH5 mRNA:

X - Coding region - Y 5′ and 3′ UTR Sequences X (5′ UTR Sequence) = [SEQ ID NO.: 2] AGACAGAUCGCCUGGAGACGCCAUCCACGCUGUUUUGACCUCCAUAGAAG ACACCGGGACCGAUCCAGCCUCCGCGGCCGGGAACGGUGCAUUGGAACGC GGAUUCCCCGUGCCAAGAGUGACUCACCGUCCUUGACACG OR [SEQ ID NO.: 3] GGACAGAUCGCCUGGAGACGCCAUCCACGCUGUUUUGACCUCCAUAGAAG ACACCGGGACCGAUCCAGCCUCCGCGGCCGGGAACGGUGCAUUGGAACGC GGAUUCCCCGUGCCAAGAGUGACUCACCGUCCUUGACACG Y (3′ UTR Sequence) = [SEQ ID NO.: 4] CGGGUGGCAUCCCUGUGACCCCUCCCCAGUGCCUCUCCUGGCCCUGGAAG UUGCCACUCCAGUGCCCACCAGCCUUGUCCUAAUAAAAUUAAGUUGCAUC AAGCU OR [SEQ ID NO.: 5] GGGUGGCAUCCCUGUGACCCCUCCCCAGUGCCUCUCCUGGCCCUGGAAGU UGCCACUCCAGUGCCCACCAGCCUUGUCCUAAUAAAAUUAAGUUGCAUCA AAGCU

Coding Regions

The MRT-1 codon-optimized hDNAH5 messenger RNA coding region comprised the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 7. A 3′-GFP-tagged version of MRT-1 codon-optimized hDNA5 was likewise prepared, MRT-hDNA5-GFP using molecular cloning techniques well known in the art.

Formulation Protocol

hDNAH5 mRNA was encapsulated in multi-component liposomes as described in WO 2018/089790, published May 17, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference), at an N/P ratio of approximately 10.

Example 2. In Vivo Administration and Delivery of hDNAH5 mRNA to the Lung and Expression of hDNAH5 Protein

This example illustrates exemplary methods of administering hDNAH5 mRNA-loaded liposome nanoparticles and methods for analyzing delivered mRNA and subsequently expressed hDNAH5 protein in lung epithelium in vivo.

The studies in this Example were performed using male 129S1/SvimJ mice, which were of approximately 10-12 weeks of age. Three groups of mice (each n=5) were exposed by a single intratracheal aerosol administration via Microsprayer® (50 μL/animal) a test article (Groups 1 and 2) or a control. The test article for Group 1 was 10 μg/animal of MRT-1 hDNAH5 mRNA prepared as described in Example 1. The test article for Group 2 was 10 μg/animal (unless otherwise specified) of hDNAH5-GFP mRNA (i.e., a sequence including both MRT1 hDNAH5 mRNA and green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNA) prepared as described in Example 1. The control included either saline administered at the same volume or an irrelevant mRNA in the same delivery vehicle as the test articles. Mice were euthanized at 24 hours (±5%) post dose administration.

Isolation of Plasma for Analysis

All animals were euthanized by isoflurane overdose via nose cone followed by thoracotomy and terminal blood collection. Whole blood (maximal obtainable volume) was collected via cardiac puncture on euthanized animals and discarded. The animals were then and perfused with saline.

Isolation of Organ Tissues for Analysis

Following perfusion, the liver and the entire airway (trachea to lungs) of each mouse was harvested. The entire airway for the top of the trachea to, and including, the lungs was dissected in one piece and then sagitally cut to provide left and right sections of the entire airway. FIG. 1A depicts the dissection scheme of the lung. The left section of the entire airway was fixed in buffer for subsequent immunohistochemical and histological analysis. The right section of the entire airway was snap-frozen and stored at −70° C. for subsequent qPCR analysis of the trachea (1), superior lobe (2), middle lobe (3), inferior lobe (4), and post-caval lobe (5). The liver also was snap-frozen and stored at −70° C.

qPCR Assay

Mouse trachea and each lung lobes were homogenized in presence of trizol for complete lysis, followed by RNA extraction using silica-membrane based spin columns. The codon optimized hDNAH5 mRNA levels are determined using RT-qPCR. First, the purified RNA is reverse transcribed (RT) into cDNA using random primers. Then, a PCR reaction is performed using sequence specific primers and quantified in real-time using a taqman fluorophore probe (qPCR). Purified, in vitro transcribed hDNAH5 which is run as a reference in the qPCR assay is used to generate a standard curve and calculate hDNAH5 copy numbers per milligram of the analyzed tissue. Results of the qPCR analysis are shown in FIG. 1B.

Immunohistochemical (IHC) Analysis—DNAH5 or GFP

The hDNAH5 and GFP protein in the trachea and lungs was characterized by IHC staining. Briefly, the harvested tissues were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin blocks. Sections (5 micron thick) along the length of the tissues were mounted on glass slides for staining. Antigen retrieval was performed using EDTA based buffer, followed by blocking with hydrogen peroxide and goat serum. Primary antibodies against hDNAH5 (Ab122390) and GFP (Ab290) were incubated with respective samples overnight at 4° C. Enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies were used for detection of the bound primary antibodies. The images of the stained slides were captured at 20× magnification. Results of the IHC analysis are shown in FIG. 2.

Results

This Example shows the successful in vivo administration, delivery and expression of a greater than 10 kb therapeutic mRNA. In particular, in this Example, hDNAH5 mRNA, a 14 kb mRNA, was successfully encapsulated, administered by nebulization and delivered in vivo to the lung. FIG. 1B provides qPCR data showing successful hDNAH5 mRNA deposition in cells in each of the trachea (1), superior lobe (2), middle lobe (3), inferior lobe (4), and post-caval lobe (5) of the lung for each mouse in Groups 1 and 2. FIG. 2A provides exemplary IHC images showing positive staining for hDNAH5 protein expressed from the hDNAH5 mRNA lung tissue from mice in each of Groups 1 and 2. Further, FIG. 2B shows IHC images with positive staining for hDNAH5 protein, from mice in Groups 1 and 2, in tissue from the trachea as well as tissue across the entire lung, from top to bottom (left to right in FIG. 2B).

Exemplary Sequences

Exemplary codon-optimized mRNA sequences are shown in SEQ ID NO: 6-31. For the purpose of the sequence disclosure, U and T are used interchangeably.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the following claims: 

We claim:
 1. A method of delivery of human axonemal dynein heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) in vivo comprising administering to a subject in need of delivery an mRNA encoding a human DNAH5 protein.
 2. A method of treating primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment an mRNA encoding human axonemal dynein heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) at an effective dose and an administration interval such that at least one symptom or feature of PCD is reduced in intensity, severity, or frequency or has delayed in onset.
 3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the DNAH5 mRNA is encapsulated in a liposome.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the one or more cationic lipids are selected from the group consisting of cKK-E12, OF-02, C12-200, MC3, DLinDMA, DLinkC2DMA, ICE (Imidazol-based), HGT5000, HGT5001, HGT4003, DODAC, DDAB, DMRIE, DOSPA, DOGS, DODAP, DODMA and DMDMA, DODAC, DLenDMA, DMRIE, CLinDMA, CpLinDMA, DMOBA, DOcarbDAP, DLinDAP, DLincarbDAP, DLinCDAP, DLinSSDMA, KLin-K-DMA, DLin-K-XTC2-DMA, 3-(4-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)butyl)-6-(4-((2-hydroxydodecyl)(2-hydroxyundecyl)amino)butyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (Target 23), 3-(5-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)pentan-2-yl)-6-(5-((2-hydroxydodecyl)(2-hydroxyundecyl)amino)pentan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (Target 24), ccBene, ML7 and combinations thereof.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the cationic lipid is ICE.
 7. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more non-cationic lipids are selected from DSPC (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DOPE (1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DOPC (1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphotidylcholine) DPPE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DMPE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DOPG (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol)) or combinations thereof.
 8. The method of any one of claims 4-7, wherein the one or more PEG-modified lipids comprise a poly(ethylene) glycol chain of up to 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C₆-C₂₀ length.
 9. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the cationic lipid constitutes about 30-60% of the liposome by molar ratio.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cationic lipid constitutes about 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% of the liposome by molar ratio.
 11. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the liposome comprises ICE, DOPE and DMG-PEG2K.
 12. The method of any one of claims 3-11, wherein the liposome has a diameter of about 80 nm to 200 nm, optionally wherein the liposome has a diameter of about 100 nm or less than 100 nm.
 13. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the DNAH5 mRNA is codon optimized.
 14. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the DNAH5 mRNA comprises one or more modified nucleotides.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more modified nucleotides are selected from pseudouridine, N-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and/or 2-thiocytidine.
 16. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA is unmodified.
 17. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA comprises a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or
 3. 18. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA comprises a 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) that has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or
 5. 19. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 20. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 21. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 22. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 23. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 24. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 25. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by intratracheal, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous delivery.
 26. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by intratracheal delivery.
 27. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein administering the mRNA to the subject is performed by intranasal delivery.
 28. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is administered once a daily.
 29. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is administered once a week.
 30. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is administered once every two weeks.
 31. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is administered twice a month.
 32. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is administered once a month.
 33. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administering the mRNA results in DNAH5 protein expression detectable in one or more internal organs selected from lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, stomach, intestines, ovary and testis.
 34. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administering the mRNA results in DNAH5 protein expression detectable in the lung.
 35. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administering the mRNA results in DNAH5 protein expression detectable in the lung epithelium.
 36. A composition for use in the treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), the composition comprising an mRNA encoding human axonemal dynein heavy chain 5 (DNAH5) encapsulated in a liposome, wherein the liposome comprises one or more cationic lipids, one or more non-cationic lipids and one or more PEG-modified lipids.
 37. The composition of claim 36, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 38. The composition of claim 36 or 37, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 39. The composition of any one of claims 36-38, wherein the mRNA comprises a coding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 to SEQ ID NO:
 31. 40. The composition of any one of claims 36-39, wherein the mRNA has a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) that has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, and a 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) that has a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:
 5. 41. The composition of any one of claims 36-39, wherein the mRNA has one or more modified nucleotides.
 42. The composition of claim 41, wherein the modified one or more nucleotides is selected from pseudouridine, N-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O(6)-methylguanine, and/or 2-thiocytidine.
 43. The composition of any one of claims 36-42, wherein the mRNA is unmodified.
 44. The composition of any one of claims 36-43, wherein the liposome is 100 nm in diameter or less.
 45. The composition of any one of claims 36-44, one or more cationic lipids are selected from the group consisting of cKK-E12, OF-02, C12-200, MC3, DLinDMA, DLinkC2DMA, ICE (Imidazol-based), HGT5000, HGT5001, HGT4003, DODAC, DDAB, DMRIE, DOSPA, DOGS, DODAP, DODMA and DMDMA, DODAC, DLenDMA, DMRIE, CLinDMA, CpLinDMA, DMOBA, DOcarbDAP, DLinDAP, DLincarbDAP, DLinCDAP, DLinSSDMA, KLin-K-DMA, DLin-K-XTC2-DMA, 3-(4-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)butyl)-6-(4-((2-hydroxydodecyl)(2-hydroxyundecyl)amino)butyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (Target 23), 3-(5-(bis(2-hydroxydodecyl)amino)pentan-2-yl)-6-(5-((2-hydroxydodecyl)(2-hydroxyundecyl)amino)pentan-2-yl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (Target 24), ccBene, ML7 and combinations thereof.
 46. The composition of any one of claims 36-45, wherein the cationic lipid is ICE.
 47. The composition of any one of claims 36-46, wherein the one or more non-cationic lipids are selected from DSPC (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), DOPE (1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DOPC (1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphotidylcholine) DPPE (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DMPE (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), DOPG (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol)) or combinations thereof.
 48. The composition of any one of claims 36-47, wherein the non-cationic lipid is DOPE.
 49. The composition of any one of claims 36-48, wherein the one or more PEG-modified lipids comprise a poly(ethylene) glycol chain of up to 5 kDa in length covalently attached to a lipid with alkyl chain(s) of C₆-C₂₀ length.
 50. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of any one of claims 36-49 and a suitable excipient. 